The preferable treatment of cerebral aneurysms at our center is endovascular coiling. The ISAT showed that for bleeding aneurysms suitable for both techniques, endovascular coiling should be the first-choice treatment [1]. The ISAT randomized only aneurysms considered treatable by both techniques, resulted in only 22% of patients presented with bleeding aneurysm being included in the study. This point generates criticism due to selection bias [7]. Another point that should be considered in the ISAT that endovascular coiling was done by highly experienced radiologists, and therefore, results cannot be generalized to other operators [8]. Other limitations of the ISAT were the lack of patients with poor clinical condition (94% of the patients had World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grades 1–3) and the limited number of patients with posterior circulation aneurysms (more than 90% patients had small anterior circulation aneurysms). The clarity study was the first multicenter, and prospective registry aimed to evaluate endovascular coiling as the first-choice treatment in consecutive patients with ruptured aneurysms treated by non-selected operators. The study avoided the methodological limitations of the ISAT. Nineteen French centers participate in the study with 34 operators. The study included 405 patients treated with GDC coils. The clarity study showed that the results of coiling as a first choice in non-selected bleeding aneurysms by non-selected operators were like those of the ISAT [7]. Also, the BRAT investigators tried to overcome ISAT concerns in their study. The BRAT assigned every SAH patient randomly in an alternate fashion to either clipping or coiling (regardless suitability for treatment modality). The BRAT study confirmed the ISAT results. After 1 year, the outcome of coil embolization was better than surgical clipping. The rate of patients with poor outcome (mRS > 2) was 23.2% in endovascular group versus 33.7% in the surgical group (P = .02, intention-to-treat analysis) [9]. In a meta-analysis of published trials comparing endovascular coiling versus surgical clipping, the odds of poor outcome were higher in surgical group, despite the higher risk of early rebleeding after coiling [3].
Coiling with bare platinum coils remains the mainstays of endovascular treatment. Despite the evolution of coil coating technologies to encourage aneurysmal occlusion, the results were disappointing. Randomized controlled trials testing Cerecyte coils versus bare platinum coils and hydrogel-coated coils versus bare platinum showed no additional benefit over bare platinum coils regarding primary outcome (recurrence was lower in hydrogel coil group) [10, 11]. Piotin and his colleagues found that polyglycolic-lactic acid (PGLA)-coated coils (Matrix coils) did not show better recanalization rates than bare platinum coils during long-term follow-up [7, 12]. Angiographic outcome of cerebral aneurysms treated by endovascular coiling was not affected by approved coil type used [13]. All patients in the current study were treated with bare platinum coils.
The immediate angiographic outcome showed complete obliteration in 29 aneurysms (82.9%), residual neck in 4 aneurysms (11.4%), and residual aneurysm with contrast within coil interstices in 1 aneurysm (2.9%). The immediate angiographic result of the (AMERICA) study showed that 52/100 aneurysms had complete occlusion, and 33/100 aneurysms had residual neck or dog ear and 15/100 aneurysms residual sac [14]. The Cerecyte coil trial included 500 patients randomized for treatment with either Cerecyte or bare platinum coils for ruptured or unruptured aneurysms. The bare platinum coils arm included 251 patients: 120 patients presented with rupture aneurysms and 131 patients presented with unruptured aneurysms. Seven patients had failed embolization. The image could not be assessed in 10 patients. The immediate angiographic results in the bare platinum arm (231 aneurysms) as reviewed by the core lab was as follows: complete occlusion 59 aneurysms (25.5%), neck remnant 116 aneurysms (50.2%), sac filling or incomplete occlusion 27 aneurysms (11.7%), and coils overlapping the aneurysm neck aneurysms (12.5%) [10]. The better immediate angiographic results in current study could be explained by the small size of the sample and the angio-anatomical characteristics of the studied aneurysm that favors simple coiling over coiling with remodeling techniques. Also, the retrospective data derived from our study are limited by the lack of core-laboratory adjudication of clinical and angiographic outcomes, as the treatment center was responsible for reporting patients’ clinical and angiographic data. In the previous endovascular aneurysm coiling trials, core-laboratory review has revealed lower occlusions results [11, 15].
Favorable outcome (mRS 0, 1, 2) at discharge was achieved in 23 patients (74.3%); on the other hand, unfavorable outcome (mRS 3, 4, 5, 6) occurred in 8 patients (25.7%). The ISAT included 1065 patients in the endovascular arm, 787 patients (73.9%) had favorable outcome (mRS 0, 1, 2), and 278 patients (26.1%) had unfavorable outcome (mRS 3, 4, 5, 6) 2 months following endovascular coiling. After 1 year follow-up for 1063 patients, 813 patients (76·5%) had favorable outcome and 250 patients (23·5%) had unfavorable outcome [16]. The Axium MicroFX for Endovascular Repair of Intra Cranial Aneurysm Study (AMERICA) included 99 patients. They were treated with Polyglycolic/polylactic acid (PGLA)-coated coils for 100 cerebral aneurysms (either ruptured or unruptured). Twenty-two percent of patients were presented with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Forty-eight percent of aneurysms treated simple coiling, other aneurysms treated with assisted coiling. It showed that 86 patients out of 99 patients (86.9%) had favorable outcome (mRS 0, 1, 2) and 13 patients (13.1%) had unfavorable outcome (mRS 3, 4, 5, 6) at discharge. After follow-up, 83 patients out of 89 patients (93%) had favorable outcome (mRS 0, 1, 2) and 6 patients (6.7%) had unfavorable outcome (mRS 3, 4, 5, 6) [14]. Regarding clinical outcome, our results were similar to the ISAT results, even better if we take in consideration our patients population characteristics (90.3% of our patients had ruptured aneurysms). This could validate our policy for choosing endovascular coiling as the first option at our center. The AMERICA study showed better results that can be explained by its patient population characteristics (only 22% of patients underwent treatment after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage).
After 33 months, a mean follow-up duration, permanent total occlusion was achieved in 23 patients (79.3%) out of 29 patients. Significant neck remnants were found in three patients (10.3%). Major aneurysmal recurrence occurred in three patients (10.3%). In the ISAT, after 1 year follow-up for 988 in the endovascular arm, 881 patients (89%) underwent angiogram 584 patients (66%) achieved complete aneurysmal occlusion, 228 patients (26%) had neck remnants, and 69 patients (8%) had incomplete occlusion [16]. The AMERICA study showed that after approximately 5.2 months follow-up out of 85 aneurysms completed follow-up, 60 aneurysms (70.6%) had complete occlusion, 17 aneurysms (19.9%) had residual neck, and 8 aneurysms (9.4%) had residual sac [14]. In the Cerecyte study, 13 patients were not available for the first follow-up (either lost or died). One hundred eighteen out of 218 (54%) treated aneurysm with bare platinum coils had complete occlusion, stable occlusion, or improved occlusion [10]. The better results here can be explained on the same basis as the immediate angiographic results.
None of our patients developed rebleeding during follow-up period. The BRAT reported no rebleeding up to 2 years after coiling [2]. Asymptomatic significant aneurysmal recurrence occurred in 2 cases out of 29 cases completed their follow-up (6.9%). One case after 22 months follow-up and the other after 35 months, they required retreatment (endovascular coiling). Retreatment passed uneventful. Daugherty and his colleagues argue that the decision of retreatment is subjective to some extent [17]. In the Cerecyte study, out of 230 aneurysms treated with bare platinum coils, 8 aneurysms (3.5%) were retreated. Retreatment median time was 6 months with an interquartile range of 7 to 11.5 months (range, 4–34 months). Retreatment was not associated with adverse events [10]. The high incidence of recurrence in the current study may be explained by small size of the sample and the long-time follow-up.
In the current study, univariate and multivariate analysis showed that factors, which were associated with poor outcome (Hunt and Hess scale, admission mRS, fisher grading, vasospasm related infarction, and hydrocephalus necessitating shunt had a significant), were mainly related to severity of the bleeding. None of these factors was related to the technical aspects of the procedure.