Skip to main content
The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery
Download PDF

Time to diabetic neuropathy and its predictors among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Northwest Ethiopia

The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery volume 57, Article number: 147 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Introduction

Despite the high number of patients suffering from the negative impact of diabetic neuropathy (DN) in Ethiopia, evidence regarding the time to DN and its predictors are not well document in Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine time to DN and its predictors among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) in North West Ethiopia.

Methods

Institutional based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 463 T2DM. Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to identify predictors of time to DN. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with its 95% confidence interval was used to declare the presence and strength of association.

Results

From a total 463 study participants, 77 (16.63%), (95% CI 13.23%, 20.03%) had developed diabetic neuropathy. The median time to develop DN was 233.77 months. About 40 (51.95%) diabetic neuropathy cases occurred within 6 years of diagnosis of diabetic mellitus. The incidence density was 2.01/100 PY with 95% CI of [1.60, 2.53]. In the multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis; being aged 65–69 [AHR = 2.78; 95% CI 1.20, 6.46], living with diabetes for less than 4 years [AHR = 3.77; 95% CI 1.82, 7.76], having anaemia [AHR = 3.82; 95% CI 1.66, 8.82] and having other complications [AHR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.03, 2.76 were significant predictors of DN.

Conclusion

More than half of diabetic neuropathy cases occurred within a short period of diagnosed with T2DM. Significant predictors for the time to DN were age, duration, having anaemia and other DM complication. Therefore, we recommend that early screening for DM and its complication for risky groups. While doing that due consideration should be assumed for old and anemic patients.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and has an increasing trend globally. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates in 2019 there are 463 million adults with diabetes worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) projection indicated that around 700 million people will suffer from DM by 2045 [1]. Diabetes mellitus is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and is responsible for almost 3 million deaths annually. Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most common chronic and micro-vascular complications of DM [2].

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is defined as signs and symptoms of peripheral nerve dysfunction in a patient with DM in whom other causes of peripheral nerve dysfunction have been excluded. It is a nerve damage related to chronically high blood sugar and diabetes. In the long run, it leads to numbness, loss of sensation, and sometimes pain in feet, legs, or hands. About 60% to 70% of all people with diabetes develop DN [3, 4].

Diabetic neuropathy is characterized by frequent hospitalization as compared to other complications of DM and also is the most frequent cause of non‐traumatic amputation resulting in severe disability and reduced quality of life. It accounts for silent myocardial infarction and shortens the life expectancy resulting in death in 25–50% patients within 5–10 years of developing diabetic neuropathy. It can occur with both type 1 and type 2 DM (T2DM) and a major risk factor for foot ulceration [5, 6].

The prevalence of DN is high in low resource setting particularly, sub-Saharan Africa due to late diagnosis, scarcity of screening and diagnostic resources and poor control of blood sugar [7]. The prevalence rates of 56.2% and 50.7% were reported from Yemen and Ghana, respectively [8, 9]. In Ethiopia the prevalence of 53.6% from Jimma [10] and 52.2% from Bahir Dar [11] were reported. The study showed that prevalence of DN is about 8% among newly diagnosed DM patients and greater than 50% among patients with longstanding disease [12].

Despite the high number of patients suffering from the negative impact of DN in Ethiopia, evidence regarding the time to DN and its predictors is not well document in Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine time to DN and its predictors among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients in North West Ethiopia. The finding of the current study will be helpful for the timely identification and treatment of DN thereby to improve the extent of damage and disability.

Methods

Study design, periods and settings

An institutional based retrospective cohort study was conducted from March 1 to April 15, 2019 among patients diagnosed with T2DM from January 2001 to February 2019.

Study population

The current study included all patients who were newly diagnosed with T2DM during the follow-up visits from January 2001 to February 2019 at UGCSH. New T2DM diagnosed patients with DN at the time of the diagnosis and no baseline records were excluded from the study.

Sample size determination

The sample size was determined using the “powerSurvEpi” package of R software by considering Cox proportional hazard model assumptions. We assumed the probability of type I error (α) 0.05, power of the study, 80% and the withdrawal probability of 0.1 which is the proportions of subjects expected to withdraw from the study. Accordingly, the total calculated sample size was 491.

Operational definitions

Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients

Patients who were diagnosed for T2DM from January 2001 to February 2019.

Diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy can be either small fiber neuropathy or large fiber neuropath. Small fiber neuropathy manifested by pain, tingling, paraesthesia and confirmed by pinprick and temperature examination. Large fiber neuropathy is manifested by numb feet and gait ataxia and confirmed by touch sensation by 10 g monofilament, vibration sense by biothesiometer and ankle reflex.

Time to diabetic neuropathy

Time difference between being diagnosed with T2DM to the development of diabetic neuropathy.

Censored

Patients who did not develop diabetic neuropathy or died or lost follow-up or transfer-out before developing diabetic neuropathy within the study period.

The event of interest

The experience of symptoms of diabetic neuropathy within the follow-up period.

Other DM complication

Having other diabetic complications like diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic foot ulcer, peripheral arterial disease, stroke and chronic heart diseases.

Measurement of variables and data collection methods

Data for this study were collected from patient’s routine records using a data extraction checklist. Data was extracted by reviewing DM registration book, patient intake form and follow-up card. Health management information system (HMIS) card number was used to identify individual patient cards. The dependent variable for this study was time to time to diabetic neuropathy. Independent variables like gender, age, duration of DM, hypertension, anaemia, other DM complications, baseline medication, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) were collected from patient cards.

Data quality control methods

To check the adequacy of the checklist, the preliminary review was conducted before the actual data collection period. Based on this, unavailable variables were excluded from the checklist. Data was collected by trained health care workers who are familiar with chronic disease. In addition, a random sample of data extracted was crosschecked for consistency. Strict supervision was taken by supervisors during data collection.

Data processing and analysis

The data were entered into Epi Info 7 and then exported to R statistical software 4.0.1 for further analysis. The incidence of diabetic neuropathy was calculated from the start of T2DM diagnosis until the last follow-up visit. Person-time at risk was measured starting from the time of T2DM diagnosis until each patient ended the follow-up. Time to diabetic neuropathy was estimated using Kaplan–Meier (KM) method and KM curve was used to compare survival time between groups of categorical variables. Before fitting cox proportional hazard model, proportional hazard assumptions (PHA) were checked by the Schoenfeld residual test and the results tell that the assumption of PHA is plausible at 5% level of significance. The adjusted hazard ratio with its confidence interval was used to show the presence and strength of the association.

Results

Characteristics of study participants

A total of 463 newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients were included in the analysis. Among these, 278 (60.04%) of them were females, 107 (23.11%) of them had hypertension and 37 (7.99%) of them had anaemia. Regarding the baseline medication, 296 (63.93) study participants took one oral anti-diabetic agent, whereas 79 (17.06%) of them took more than one oral anti-diabetic agent (Table 1).

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants of newly diagnosed T2DM patients in UGCSH, January 2001–February 2019
Full size table

Time to diabetic nephropathy

From a total 463 study participants, 77 (16.63%), (95% CI 13.23%, 20.03%) had developed diabetic neuropathy with 3716.71 person-year (PY) of observations. The incidence density was 2.01/100 PY with 95% CI of [1.60, 2.53]. More than half (51.95%) of the event of interest (diabetic neuropathy), were occurred with 6 years of diagnosis of diabetic mellitus.

By the end of the follow-up period, the cumulative probability of survival was 0.44. The median survival time was 233.77 months which indicates the study was ended after 50% of the study subject develop diabetic neuropathy (Fig. 1). Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier survival estimate showed that hazards of developing diabetic neuropathy were higher among patients who had anaemia as compared to its counterparts (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Plot of the overall estimate of Kaplan–Meier for time to diabetic neuropathy among T2DM patients. The red line indicated the survival estimate, the blue and green colour line show the upper and the lower boundary of the estimate

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Kaplan–Meier survival estimate show that the hazards of developing diabetic neuropathy were higher among patients who had anemia as compared to its counterparts. Green line show T2DM patients having anemia and red line those patients with no anaemia

Full size image

Predictors of time to diabetic neuropathy

Based on multivariable Cox-regression analysis, age, duration of DM, having anaemia and other complications were significant predictors of diabetic neuropathy among newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients at p value 0.05 (Tables 1, 2).

Table 2 Predictors of time to diabetic neuropathy among newly diagnosed T2DM patients in UGCSH, January 2001–February 2019
Full size table

Holding other variables constant, the hazard of diabetic neuropathy was increased by 2.78 times among newly diagnosed T2DM aged 65–59 than aged 45–49. Adjusting for other variables, the risks of developing diabetic neuropathy were increased by 3.82 and 1.68 times among newly diagnosed T2DM who had anemia and other DM complication, respectively.

The duration of DM was an important variable that showed significant association with diabetic neuropathy among newly diagnosed T2DM. Keeping other variable constant, the hazard of diabetic neuropathy was increased by 3.77 times among T2DM who had DM less than 4 years as compared to 5–9 years. In contrast, the risk diabetic neuropathy was decreased among T2DM who had DM for greater than 10 years as compared to those who lived with DM 5–9 years.

Discussion

Diabetic neuropathy is a well-known micro-vascular complication among T2DM resulted from chronic hyperglycaemia and is defined as the manifestation of peripheral nerve dysfunction in diabetics after the exclusion of other sources of causes [13]. As per the author’s knowledge, no previous study was conducted to determine the time to DN and its predictors among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. That’s why the present study intended to determine time to DN and its predictors among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients in North West Ethiopia.

According to the current study, the proportions of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients who have diabetic neuropathy were 16.63% [95% CI 13.23%, 20.03%]. This finding is lower than the study conducted in Tanzania [14], Uganda [15], Pakistan [16] and Jordan [17]. This discrepancy might be due to the difference in health care systems that help to early diagnose diabetes and its complication.

In the current study, the duration of DM was an important variable that had a negative association with diabetic neuropathy among newly diagnosed T2DM. Furthermore, more than half of the event of interest (diabetic neuropathy), were occurring within 6 years of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Such findings tell us majority diabetic patients were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in late time and they were at risk for developing diabetic neuropathy in early time.

In line with studies conducted in Tanzania [14], China [18], and India [19], the present study documented that the hazard of diabetic neuropathy was increased with the increase of age. It might be related to the three main alterations involved in the pathologic changes of diabetic neuropathy; inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction [20], and all of these alterations are related to the process of aging [21].

The present study reported that the risks of developing diabetic neuropathy were increased among anemic patients as compared to non-anemic patients. This finding is consistent with other previous study [22]. The possible explanation for such consistent finding, anemia is considered to be associated with oxidative stress [23] which is also an important mechanism of diabetic neuropathy [24].

According to the present study, the hazards of developing diabetic neuropathy were increased among newly diagnosed T2DM who had other DM complications than their counterparts. A similar result has been found in a systematic review [25]. This might due to the majority of diabetic complications have similar risk factor especially poor glycemic control and this leads to the co-existence of different diabetic complications.

As per the author’s knowledge no follow-up study on the risk of diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes was conducted in these study areas. As a result, this study may give a basis for the future studies. However, this study also has limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. Since the current study used secondary data, some important variable like baseline fasting blood sugar, diabetic self-care activity, body mass index, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidaemia and micro-albuminuria were not included in the analysis. In addition, Diabetic neuropathy was not diagnosed using electrophysiological or NCS. This might be no sufficient to confirm diabetic neuropathy.

Conclusion

More than half of diabetic neuropathy cases were occurred within short period of diagnosed with T2DM. Significant predictors for the time to DN were old age, short duration of DM, having anaemia and other DM complication. Therefore, we recommend early screening for DM and its complication for risky groups. While doing that due consideration should be assumed for old & anemic patients.

Availability of data and materials

All necessary information’s were included with in the manuscript.

Abbreviations

AHR:

Adjusted hazard ratio

CHR:

Crud hazard ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

DN:

Diabetic neuropathy

HMIS:

Health management information system

IDF:

International Diabetes Federation

KM:

Kaplan–Meier

PHA:

Proportional hazard assumptions

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WHJD. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 2019;21(9):1414–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Powers AC, Worku D. Diabetes mellitus. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sadikot S, Nigam A, Das S, Bajaj S, Zargar A, Prasannakumar K, et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;66(3):301–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zeng L, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. An integrated perspective on diabetic, alcoholic, and drug-induced neuropathy, etiology, and treatment in the US. J Pain Res. 2017;10:219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vinik AI, Nevoret M-L, Casellini C, Parson HJE, Clinics M. Diabetic neuropathy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2013;42(4):747–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Egland JD, Asbury AK. Peripheral neuropathy. Lancet. 2004;363(9427):2151–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kengne AP, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Sobngwi E, Mbanya JCJH. New insights on diabetes mellitus and obesity in Africa-Part 1: prevalence, pathogenesis and comorbidities. Heart. 2013;99(14):979–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Al Washali AY, Azuhairi AA, Hejar AR, Amani YW. Prevalence and associated risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy among diabetic patients in National Center of Diabetes in Yemen. Int J Publ Health Clin Sci. 2014;1(1):141–50.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Yeboah K, Puplampu P, Boima V, Antwi DA, Gyan B, Amoah AG. Peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients: a case control study in Accra, Ghana. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2016;5:26–31.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Abdissa D, Hamba N, Kene K, Bedane DA, Etana G, Muleta D, et al. Prevalence and determinants of peripheral neuropathy among type 2 adult diabetes patients attending Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019, an Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Diabetes Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9562920.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Jember G, Melsew YA, Fisseha B, Sany K, Gelaw AY, Janakiraman BJJOD, et al. Peripheral sensory neuropathy and associated factors among adult diabetes mellitus patients in Bahr Dar, Ethiopia. J Diabetes Metab Disorders. 2017;16(1):16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):956–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dyck PJ, Albers JW, Andersen H, Arezzo JC, Biessels GJ, Bril V, et al. Diabetic polyneuropathies: update on research definition, diagnostic criteria and estimation of severity. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27(7):620–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Amour AA, Chamba N, Kayandabila J, Lyaruu IA, Marieke D, Shao ER, et al. Prevalence, patterns, and factors associated with peripheral neuropathies among diabetic patients at tertiary hospital in the Kilimanjaro Region: descriptive cross-sectional study from North-Eastern Tanzania. Int J Endocrinol. 2019;2019:5404781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kisozi T, Mutebi E, Kisekka M, Lhatoo S, Sajatovic M, Kaddumukasa M, et al. Prevalence, severity and factors associated with peripheral neuropathy among newly diagnosed diabetic patients attending Mulago hospital: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(2):463–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nisar MU, Asad A, Waqas A, Ali N, Nisar A, Qayyum MA, et al. Association of diabetic neuropathy with duration of type 2 diabetes and glycemic control. Cureus. 2015;7(8):e302.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Khawaja N, Abu-Shennar J, Saleh M, Dahbour SS, Khader YS, Ajlouni KM. The prevalence and risk factors of peripheral neuropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; the case of Jordan. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10(1):8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mao F, Zhu X, Liu S, Qiao X, Zheng H, Lu B, et al. Age as an independent risk factor for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Aging Dis. 2019;10(3):592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Dsouza M, Kulkarni V, UnnikrishnanBhaskaran HA, Naimish H, Prakash A, Tabreez S, et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its determinants among patients attending a tertiary health care centre in Mangalore, India. J Public Health Res. 2015;4(2):1.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Román-Pintos LM, Villegas-Rivera G, Rodríguez-Carrizalez AD, Miranda-Díaz AG, Cardona-Muñoz EG. Diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:3425617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Corriere M, Rooparinesingh N, Kalyani RR. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes complications in the elderly: an emerging public health burden. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2013;13(6):805–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wu F, Jing Y, Tang X, Li D, Gong L, Zhao H, et al. Anemia: an independent risk factor of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54(10):925–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Grune T, Sommerburg O, Siems W. Oxidative stress in anemia. Clin Nephrol. 2000;53(1 Suppl):S18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Albers JW, Pop-Busui R. Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, emerging treatments, and subtypes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(8):473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Li J, Cao Y, Liu W, Wang Q, Qian Y, Lu P. Correlations among diabetic microvascular complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the University of Gondar for ethical approval and funding.

Funding

No fund was received for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

    Sewnet Adem Kebede, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema & Tadesse Awoke Ayele

  2. Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collage of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia

    Biruk Shalmeno Tusa & Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet

Authors
  1. Sewnet Adem Kebede
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Biruk Shalmeno Tusa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zemenu Tadesse Tessema
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tadesse Awoke Ayele
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conception of the work, design of the work, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data was done by SA. Data curation, drafting the article, revising it critically for intellectual content, validation and final approval of the version to be published was done by SA, BS AB, ZTT and TA. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sewnet Adem Kebede.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical clearance and letter of cooperation was obtained from the institutional review board of the University of Gondar with reference number of IPH/160/05/2011. Then, permission letters from officials of University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine were processed before data collection. No personal identifiers, such as name, address and no private information was collected. Confidentiality during all phases of research activities was kept and data was held on secured password protected system.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kebede, S.A., Tusa, B.S., Weldesenbet, A.B. et al. Time to diabetic neuropathy and its predictors among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 57, 147 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00402-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00402-4

Keywords