Skip to main content
The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery
Download PDF

Study of cognitive impairment and genetic polymorphism of SLC41A1 (rs11240569 allele) in Parkinson’s disease in Upper Egypt: case-control study

The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery volume 57, Article number: 87 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Parkinson’s disease is one of the neurodegenerative disorders that is caused by genetic and environmental factors or interaction between them. Solute carrier family 41 member 1 within the PARK16 locus has been reported to be associated with Parkinson’s disease. Cognitive impairment is one of the non-motor symptoms that is considered a challenge in Parkinson’s disease patients. This study aimed to investigate the association of rs11240569 polymorphism; a synonymous coding variant in SLC41A1 in Parkinson’s disease patients in addition to the assessment of cognitive impairment in those patients.

Results

In a case -control study, rs11240569 single nucleotide polymorphisms in SLC41A1, genes were genotyped in 48 Parkinson’s disease patients and 48 controls. Motor and non-motor performance in Parkinson's disease patients were assessed by using the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). The genotype and allele frequencies were compared between the two groups and revealed no significant differences between case and control groups for rs11240569 in SLC41A1 gene with P value .523 and .54, respectively. Cognition was evaluated and showed the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of WAIS score of PD patients 80.4 ± 9.13 and the range was from 61 to 105, in addition to MMSE that showed mean ± SD 21.96 ± 3.8.

Conclusion

Genetic testing of the present study showed that rs11240569 polymorphism of SLC41A1 gene has no significant differences in distributions of alleles and genotypes between cases and control group, in addition to cognitive impairment that is present in a large proportion of PD patients and in addition to the strong correlation between cognitive impairment and motor and non-motor symptoms progression.

 1. Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer disease affecting near to 1–2% of people over the age of 65 [1]. PD is clinically characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and rigidity. Pathologically, characterized by the loss of pars-compacta nigral-cell and an accumulation of aggregated a-synuclein in the specific brain stem, spinal cord, and cortical regions [2].

PD is caused by both genetic and environmental factors, but its exact etiology is still unknown [3, 4]. Most of the PD patients are idiopathic, but there is some mutations have been detected in some Mendelian forms [5].

The patients with PD may be sporadic, familial, and monogenic cases with a frequency of 85%, 10–15%, and 5% of all cases, respectively [6].

There are some genes found to be direct causative factors for PD, including SNCA, PINK1, and PARKIN [7]. SNCA and LRRK2 loci have shown susceptibility for idiopathic PD [8].

There are many genes indirectly involved in PD patients’ polymorphisms and associations found between them in different populations. Human SLC41A1 (solute carrier family 41 member 1) has been mapped to chromosome 1q31–32 and encodes a protein SLC41A1 consisting of 513 amino acids [9]. SLC41A1 polymorphism was approved to be involved in the etiology of PD patients [10].

SLC41A1 is one of the several genes located in PARK16 locus, a well-established susceptibility locus for PD [11, 12]. SLC41A1 encodes a cytoplasmic integral protein involved in the regulation and homeostasis of intracellular magnesium [13,14,15].

Cognitive impairment is an important non-motor feature that affects 50% of PD patients with disease symptoms for more than 10 years [16]. Cognitive impairment in PD patients reduces the quality of life, increases mortality, and intensifies caregiver burden [17]. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease, characterized by predominant executive deficits, visuospatial dysfunction, and relatively unaffected memory, ranges from mild cognitive impairment to severe PD dementia [18].

This study aims to investigate the association of rs11240569 polymorphism, a synonymous coding variant in SLC41A1 in Upper Egypt PD patients in addition to the assessment of cognitive impairment in those patients and correlate it with motor and non-motor symptoms.

2. Methods

A total of 48 patients diagnosed as PD who attending inpatients and outpatient clinics, according to diagnostic criteria of United Kingdom PD Brain Bank [19] in addition to 48 normal healthy control group were recruited. Motor, non-motor, and functional performance were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) [20].

MDS-UPDRS has 4 parts. Part I is concerned with non-motor experiences of daily living, part II is concerned with motor experiences of daily living, part III is concerned with motor examination, and part IV is concerned with motor complications. Based on MDS-UPDRS scores, cut-off points to subclassify PD patients are as the following (cut-off points between mild/moderate and moderate/severe levels as follows: part 1: 10/11 and 21/22; part 2: 12/13 and 29/30; part 3: 32/33 and 58/59; and part 4: 4/5 and 12/13) [21].

Assessment of cognitive functions using an Arabic form of Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), the test was carried out as described in the original version [22], the highest possible result was 30 points, also, an Arabic [23] of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS–R) [24].

Ethical consideration

The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of our Faculty of Medicine. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after being informed that the confidentiality of their results will be kept along with the whole study, and thereafter.

Blood samples were taken on EDTA (in a sterile tube) and subjected to genetic testing and analysis of mutations (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) and detection of SLC41A1 polymorphism in rs11240569 allele in PD patients and comparing the 48 patients with another 48 control group. There were also no familial relationships between the cases.

The genetic analysis was conducted at the Molecular Biology Research Centre in our Faculty of Medicine. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood using a pure linked kit and the procedure recommended by the manufacturer (vivantis) extracted DNA was quantified using nanodrop analyzer model (ND-1OOO) Spectrophotometer (BMG Spectrostarnanodrop Technologies Inc., Ortenberg, Germany)

Polymorphism was examined using allelic discrimination Taqman assay according to manufacturer protocol (Applied Bio-system Step one plus) genotyping were performed using real time PCR with a thermal profile (60 °C for 30 s, 95 °C for 10 min, 95 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 90 s).

Analysis of data allelic discrimination of rs11240569 (c/t) (vic/fam) (allele 1/allele 2) using 48 samples and 48 control, data interpretation show that 15 cases are homozygous for allele 1, 79 cases are homozygous for allele 2, and 2 cases are heterogenous or carrier.

Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS) version 18 (Publisher: Wiley; 1st Edition, 2011 country of origin of the software is the USA). Categorical variables were described using frequency and percentage. Means and standard deviations were computed for quantitative variables. Significance was assessed using the chi square test for categorical variables and t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quantitative variables. P value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant and P < 0.001 was considered highly significant.

3. Results

The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age in this study is 61.31 ± 9.18, 36 (75%) were males and 12 (25%) were females. The mean ± SD of disease duration in this study was 4.97 ± 2.53, and 24 (50%) patients had disease duration less than 5 years, 23 (47.9%) patients between 5 and < 10 years, and only 1 patient (2.1%) had disease duration more than 10 years. Using MMSE and WAIS, cognition was evaluated and showed the mean ± SD of WAIS score of PD patients 80.4 ± 9.13, and the range was from 61 to 105. They were classified in to 50% of patients were below average and 31.3% of patients were in the borderline category. The mean ± SD of performance and verbal domain was 79.73 ± 9.4 and 85.48 ± 10.21 with range 62–105 and 66–105, respectively.

The total score of different parts of MDS-UPDRS in PD patients with different severity are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Total score of different parts of Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)
Full size table

In addition to MMSE that showed mean ± SD 21.96 ± 3.8, classified into 60.4% of patients show cognitive impairment in MMSE graded from mild to severe dementia as illustrated in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale among Parkinson disease patients (WAIS)
Full size table
Table 3 Mini-Mental State Examination among Parkinson’s disease patients (MMSE)
Full size table

The results show an inverse correlation between MMSE and MDS-UPDRS part III with P value .006 which means more deterioration in cognition with more progression of motor symptoms in PD patients (Table 4).

Table 4 Correlation between MDS-UPDRS* and MMSE** and WAIS-R***
Full size table

Analysis of genotype and allele frequency distribution revealed the following frequency that is showed in Table 5. TT is the most frequent genotype in PD patients followed by CC and only one carrier CT with the following percentages respectively 85.4%, 12.5%, and 2.1%. The same also was detected in the control group with the highest genotype frequency of TT genotype followed by CC and there were no carriers with percentages of 83.3 and 16.7%, respectively. Analysis of genotype and allele frequency distribution revealed no significant differences between case and control groups for rs11240569 in SLC41A1 gene with P value .523 and .54, respectively (Table 5).

Table 5 Genotype distribution and allele frequencies in case and control groups
Full size table

4. Discussion

This study aims to investigate the role of rs11240569 allele in PD disease SLC41A1 gene and the determination of cognitive impairment among PD patients. This study showed no significant differences in the distribution of alleles and genotypes between cases and controls, and this is in agreement with previous studies in England, China, and Slovenia [25, 26].

This was in disagreement with other studies, as C allele and CC genotype of the rs11240569 polymorphism were found to be significantly associated with decreased risk of PD and this was reported in studies in Iran and China [10, 27].

Many factors may account for the variant findings between different studies. As differences in sample size and methodology must be considered, in addition to genetic heterogeneity between different populations and population stratification differences between cases and controls. Also, gene–environment and gene–gene interactions may be attributed to the varied findings across different studies, such as the rs11240569 variant may be in linkage disequilibrium with other causative variants or interact with unidentified variants of other genes.

Studies that used WAIS in PD are few. Cognitive assessment in this study showed that 50% of the patients were below average category, 31.3% of patients were borderline category, and 8.3% were extremely low by WAIS; those percentages were higher than a study in the USA which showed 10% were in below average category, 12% were in borderline category, and only 2% were in extremely low category [28,29,30]. This discrepancy may be due to the differences in the study design that depend on comparison with the control group and high illiteracy in the present study that had its effect on cognitive impairment.

In this study, 60% of PD patients were suffering from mild to severe dementia according to MMSE which is higher than other international studies that show about one-third of the patients suffering from mild to moderate dementia in the USA [31]. Also, it affects 40% of another study in the USA [32]. Dementia was recorded in 22.3% of PD patients in another Egyptian study, and most of them have a mild degree of dementia according to MMSE [33]. In addition to MMSE that showed mean ± SD 21.96 ± 3.8 which was lower than a study in Japan with mean ± SD 27.4 ± 2.4 [34].

Another study showed that the mean MMSE score of patients with PD was 27.4 and 17% of patients had a score below 23/30 [35]. However, MMSE may be inadequate to evaluate these cognitive dysfunctions in patients with PD.

Many factors affect cognition as age, disease duration, severity, and also level of education. It seems that the high education level can postpone the progression of the disease [36].

There was an inverse correlation between motor symptoms assessed by UPDRS part III on one side and cognitive impairment assessed by MMSE, and this was in agreement with many previous studies in England, Iran, and Morocco [37,38,39] which show. Thus, patients with more severe PD who have worse non-motor symptoms and motor symptoms have a less cognitive reserve; this may be explained due to depletion of more dopaminergic neurons with progression of the disease [37].

There was a negative correlation between WAIS (Verbal domain) and UPDRS Part III and this may be due to mild cognitive impairment that affects the patients, and this was noticed in another study in Italy [40] which showed typical features of cognitive impairment.

The limitation of this study is the small number of the patients and high cost of genetic analysis

5. Conclusion

Genetic testing of the present study showed that rs11240569 polymorphism of SLC41A1 gene has no significant differences in distributions of alleles and genotypes between cases and control group. In addition to cognitive impairment that is present in a large proportion of PD patients, PD severity and disease duration are strong predictors for cognitive impairment in PD patients using MMSE. There is strong correlation between cognitive impairment and motor and non-motor symptoms progression.

Availability of data and materials

All data are available within the paper.

Abbreviations

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

MMSE:

Mini-mental state examination

MDS-UPDRS:

Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

SLC41A1:

Solute carrier family 41 member 1

SD:

Standard deviation

WAIS–R:

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised

References

  1. Kalia LV, Lang AE. Parkinson's disease. Lancet. 2015;386(9996):896–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ. Mechanisms of Parkinson's disease linked to pathological α-synuclein: new targets for drug discovery. Neuron. 2006;52(1):33–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Schapira AH, Jenner P. Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26(6):1049–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Haghnejad L, Emamalizadeh B, Jamshidi J, Bidoki AZ, Ghaedi H, Ahmadi E, et al. Variation in the miRNA-433 binding site of FGF20 is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease in Iranian population. J Neurol Sci. 2015;355(1-2):72–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.05.020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Winkler S, Hagenah J, Lincoln S, Heckman M, Haugarvoll K, Lohmann-Hedrich K, et al. α-Synuclein and Parkinson disease susceptibility. Neurology. 2007;69(18):1745–50. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000275524.15125.f4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Goudarzian M, Khaligh A, Fourozan R, Jamal Mirmoosavi S, Darvish H, Safaralizadeh T, et al. The rs1572931 polymorphism of the RAB7L1 gene promoter is associated with reduced risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurol Res. 2015;37(11):1029–31. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743132815Y.0000000085.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Klein C, Westenberger A. Genetics of Parkinson’s disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(1):a008888. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a008888.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Deng H, Wang P, Jankovic J. The genetics of Parkinson disease. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;42:72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wabakken T, Rian E, Kveine M, Aasheim H-C. The human solute carrier SLC41A1 belongs to a novel eukaryotic subfamily with homology to prokaryotic MgtE Mg2+ transporters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;306(3):718–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01030-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang L, Cheng L, Li NN, Yu WJ, Sun XY, Peng R. Genetic analysis of SLC41A1 in Chinese Parkinson's disease patients. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2015;168(8):706–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Satake W, Nakabayashi Y, Mizuta I, Hirota Y, Ito C, Kubo M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies common variants at four loci as genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41(12):1303–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Simon-Sanchez J, Schulte C, Bras JM, Sharma M, Gibbs JR, Berg D, et al. Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41(12):1308–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.487.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Kolisek M, Launay P, Beck A, Sponder G, Serafini N, Brenkus M, et al. SLC41A1 is a novel mammalian Mg2+ carrier. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(23):16235–47. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M707276200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Mandt T, Song Y, Scharenberg AM, Sahni J. SLC41A1 Mg2+ transport is regulated via Mg2+-dependent endosomal recycling through its N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. Biochem J. 2011;439(1):129–39. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20110807.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kolisek M, Nestler A, Vormann J, Schweigel-Röntgen M. Human gene SLC41A1 encodes for the Na+/Mg2+ exchanger. Am J Phys Cell Phys. 2012;302(1):C318–C26. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cosgrove J, Alty JE. Cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease: current perspectives. J Parkinsonism Rest Legs Syndr. 2018;8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPRLS.S125064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Macleod AD, Taylor KS, Counsell CE. Mortality in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014;29(13):1615–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25898.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yang Y, Tang B-S, Guo J-F. Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment. Parkinson’s Disease. 2016;2016.

  19. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(3):181–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.3.181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord. 2008;23(15):2129–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Martínez-Martín P, Rodríguez-Blázquez C, Mario A, Arakaki T, Arillo VC, Chaná P, et al. Parkinson's disease severity levels and MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(1):50–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Folstein SA, Paul R. The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, Westchester Division, White Plains, New York 10605, U.S.A. and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oregon 97201, U.S.A. 1975.

  23. Melika. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—revised manual. In: Arabic examiner's handbook. Cairo: Dar Egyptian Books House; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kaufman AS. Test Review: Wechsler, D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation, 1981. J Psychoeduc Assess. 1983;1(3):309–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/073428298300100310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Tucci A, Nalls MA, Houlden H, Revesz T, Singleton AB, Wood NW, et al. Genetic variability at the PARK16 locus. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010;18(12):1356–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.125.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Yan Y, Tian J, Mo X, Zhao G, Yin X, Pu J, et al. Genetic variants in the RAB7L1 and SLC41A1 genes of the PARK16 locus in Chinese Parkinson's disease patients. Int J Neurosci. 2011;121(11):632–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2011.598983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Madadi F, Khaniani MS, Shandiz EE, Ayromlou H, Najmi S, Emamalizadeh B, et al. Genetic Analysis of the ZNF512B, SLC41A1, and ALDH2 Polymorphisms in Parkinson's Disease in the Iranian Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2016;20(10):629–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/gtmb.2016.0133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Peavy GM, Salmon DP, Bear I, Paulsen JS, CAHN DA, Hofstetter CR, et al. Detection of mild cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease patients with the WAIS–R NI. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001;7(5):535–43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617701755014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Roheger M, Kalbe E, Liepelt-Scarfone I. Progression of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(2):183–93. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-181306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Azuma T, Cruz RF, Bayles KA, Tomoeda CK, Montgomery EB Jr. A longitudinal study of neuropsychological change in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(11):1043–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mamikonyan E, Moberg PJ, Siderowf A, Duda JE, Have TT, Hurtig HI, et al. Mild cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson's disease patients with normal Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(3):226–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.05.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Watson GS, Leverenz JB. Profile of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Brain Pathol. 2010;20(3):640–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Khedr EM, El Fetoh NA, Khalifa H, Ahmed MA, El Beh KMA. Prevalence of non motor features in a cohort of Parkinson's disease patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115(6):673–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.07.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wakamori T, Agari T, Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Kondo A, Shinko A, et al. Cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease: relation to disease severity and hallucination. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(4):415–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.01.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Riedel O, Klotsche J, Spottke A, Deuschl G, Förstl H, Henn F, et al. Cognitive impairment in 873 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2008;255(2):255–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-008-0720-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ashrafi F, Zali A, Pakdaman H, Johari K. Cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease: Evidence from an Iranian population. Iran J Neurol. 2012;11(4):151–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Salari M, Chitsaz A, Etemadifar M, Najafi MR, Mirmosayyeb O, Bemanalizadeh M, et al. Evaluation of non-motor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease, Isfahan, Iran. Iran J Neurol. 2017;16(3):118–24.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. O'Sullivan SS, Williams DR, Gallagher DA, Massey LA, Silveira-Moriyama L, Lees AJ. Nonmotor symptoms as presenting complaints in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study. Mov Disord. 2008;23(1):101–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tibar H, El Bayad K, Bouhouche A, Ait Ben Haddou EH, Benomar A, Yahyaoui M, et al. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and their impact on quality of life in a cohort of Moroccan patients. Front Neurol. 2018;9(170).

  40. Carpi S, Carotenuto A, Colucci L, Ziello A, Manzo V, Amenta F, et al. Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Curr Neurobiol. 2013;4.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to all patients that participate in this study in addition to all members of Neurepidemiology Center at the Assiut Faculty of Medicine.

Funding

Not present

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

    Hamdy N. El-Tallawy & Wafaa M. Farghaly

  2. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

    Tahia H. Saleem

  3. Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Skaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Heba Mohamed Saad Eldien

  4. Histology and Cell Biology, Tissue Culture and Molecular Biology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

    Heba Mohamed Saad Eldien

  5. Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

    Ashraf Khodaery & Sherif A. Sayed

  6. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

    Ahmed A. Helaly & Hassan Mohammed Elnady

Authors
  1. Hamdy N. El-Tallawy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tahia H. Saleem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wafaa M. Farghaly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Heba Mohamed Saad Eldien
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ashraf Khodaery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sherif A. Sayed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ahmed A. Helaly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Hassan Mohammed Elnady
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HE designed the study and aim of the study and revision of the total work. TS and HS perform most of genotyping. AH, WF, and HE were responsible for collection of clinical data, scale performance, and share in results formations. AK and SS share in writing methodology and discussion. HE, AH, and WF wrote the manuscript and all authors critically reviewed the manuscript and checked the final version. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmed A. Helaly.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The research was approved by Sohag Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (April 2016), and we had written informed consent from all patients (reference number is not available).

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

El-Tallawy, H.N., Saleem, T.H., Farghaly, W.M. et al. Study of cognitive impairment and genetic polymorphism of SLC41A1 (rs11240569 allele) in Parkinson’s disease in Upper Egypt: case-control study. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 57, 87 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00341-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00341-0

Keywords