Peripheral embolization following thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke—a case report

Abstract

Background

Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only golden approved medical therapy for acute ischemic stroke, guidelines for its injection relay on reducing or preventing associated hemorrhage as a side effect, yet hemorrhage is not the only possible complication, further embolization following injection is also a possibility; in this case report, peripheral embolization following intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator with two possible explanations one related to the treatment and another related to the patient liability is represented.

Case presentation

A 78-year-old male presenting with acute onset of stroke, received intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, 16 h later he developed acute limb ischemia.

Conclusion

Peripheral embolization may happen within hours from intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator administration.

Background

Caring for stroke patients after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA) is important as an injection decision. Caring goes beyond vital data, to involve detecting and avoiding any possible complications from rt-PA [1].

Other devastating complications rather than the well-known hemorrhage may occur. Peripheral embolization is a one. In this case, peripheral embolization after rt-PA with two possible explanations is represented.

Case presentation

A 78-year-old male, hypertensive, ischemic heart disease patient with previous transthoracic echocardiography in 2015 showing dilated left atrium and left ventricle (LV), with impaired LV systolic functions (ejection fraction (EF) measured by modified Simpsons’ method was 40%), LV diastolic dysfunction impaired relaxation pattern, normal right-side chambers, and aortic root, no intra-cardiac masses or thrombi, with resting segmental wall motion abnormalities in left anterior descending artery territory.

In July 2016, he developed ischemic stroke with NIHSS 7 (minor facial paresis, grade 3 left arm, and leg weakness).

Radial pulse was 60 beats/min, bilaterally equal, regular, and well felt. Electrocardiography (ECG) (CM 300A, Comen, China) showed sinus rhythm. After fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria for thrombolysis, 90 mg IV rt-PA within 40 min of arrival was administered. After injection, NIHSS became 4. Meanwhile, patient did not complain of any symptoms suggestive of peripheral vascular events.

Sixteen hours later, loss of partially regained power of the left arm with bluish discoloration, and faint radial pulsation occurred.

Urgent upper limb arterial duplex (General Electric Logic 5, USA) revealed unrecoverable ischemia with near-total occlusion of the left mid-brachial artery with total loss of flow in distal arteries, the vascular surgery team decided an above elbow amputation (Fig. 1a).

Fig. 1

(a) Duplex revealing absence of blood flow along mid-brachial artery (b) transthoracic ECHO revealing LV thrombus

Transthoracic echocardiography (Vivid E9 machine, General Electric, Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway) done after surgery revealed 19 × 14 mm apical LV thrombus, dilated LV dimensions, with impaired LV systolic functions (ejection EF measured by modified Simpsons’ method was 35%), akinetic all apical segment, whole anterior wall and anterior septum, impaired LV diastolic function with impaired relaxation pattern with mild mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation (Fig. 1b). Twenty-four hours Holter ECG (General Electric Health care, MARS, Milwaukee, USA) showed sinus rhythm with no detectable atrial fibrillation.

Discussion

Thrombus develops from transient activation of coagulation systems based on the pharmacokinetics of fibrin specific thrombolytics through converting plasminogen into plasmin on clot-bound fibrin [1, 2]. This reduces circulating fibrin by 16–36% and fibrinogen by 16–62% [3]. rt-PA half-life of 26-40 min allows fibrinogen, plasminogen, and alpha-2 anti-plasmin concentrations to return to nearly their pre-injection levels within 2-24 h [4,5,6].

LV thrombus formation is common with impaired EF, anterior wall with apical dyskinesia. Embolization is common with bigger thrombi with protruding freely mobile pedicle, and with borders adjacent to hyperkinetic segments [7,8,9]. Thrombus fibrin nature whether thick or thin also affects rt-PA lysis ability [10].

In our case, peripheral ischemia was secondary to embolization from LV thrombus that either presented earlier to rt-PA and thrombolysis fragmented it or developed following rt-PA on top of the patient’s cardiac state.

What has made our case challenging and may have delayed early detection of limb ischemia was that peripheral embolization took place along the ipsilateral paretic limb that although initially showed improvement post rt-PA, yet not to the extent that will make the patient oriented to a new symptom whether paresthesia or paralysis.

Also, the patient had a dark skin color that reduced the ability to detect color changes that usually accompany peripheral ischemia [11].

Conclusion

Peripheral embolization can occur within hours following rt-PA administration, either secondary to its pharmacokinetics alone or due to incomplete lysis of an intra-cardiac mural thrombus, so it is worth mentioning that patients with a high risk of or history suggestive of intra-cardiac thrombus might benefit from hand-in-hand bedside echocardiography while administering rt-PA searching for intra-cardiac LV thrombus that if found will make closer monitoring for signs or symptoms of peripheral embolization mandatory to the degree of merging it into current post-injection care of patients.