Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamic changes in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension using phase contrast cine MR imaging

Abstract

Background

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) mainly affects overweight women in the middle age period. The pathophysiology of IIH stays unclear, but suggested mechanisms include excess CSF production, reduced CSF absorption, increased brain water content, and increased cerebral venous pressure

Objectives

To assess the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamic changes in aqueduct of Sylvius in patients of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) with new MRI technique: phase contrast cine MRI (PCC-MRI).

Methods

Thirty patients diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were divided into 3 groups according to treatment options (no treatment, medical treatment, and medical treatment with repeated lumbar tapping). CSF flow data were evaluated by phase contrast cine MRI.

Results

PCC-MRI parameters were significantly higher in group who was on medical treatment (group II) than other groups. The sensitivity of PCC MRI parameters ranged from 56.7 (stroke volume (SV) and mean flow (MF)) to 83.3% (peak systolic velocity (PSV)). A statistically significant difference was found for the mean flow value (p 0.039) between the control group and IIH patients.

Conclusion

The most specific CSF flowmetry parameter detected to help diagnosis of IIH is mean flow especially among early discovered patients. PCC MRI can be used as non-invasive technique for diagnosis of IIH and treatment follow-up.

Introduction

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disease with no clear etiology that mainly affects overweight women in the middle age period with incidence of 1–2/100,000 [1]. Headache, visual problems, bilateral papilledema, and pulsatile tinnitus are the most common IIH symptoms, and permanent visual loss is the most important complication [2]. The pathophysiology of IIH stays unclear, but suggested mechanisms include excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, reduced CSF absorption, increased brain water content, and increased cerebral venous pressure [3].

The radiological findings of IIH include empty sella, perioptic subarachnoid space enlargement, and flattening of the posterior aspect of the globe [4].

The research of CSF flow has gained an attention especially in the recent years by using phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (PCC-MRI); which is very sensitive even for very slow flows. PCC-MRI makes it possible to show the CSF flow depending on anatomical structures and phase sensitive methods and allows for quantitative assessment of the flow. Related studies have focused on structures such as aqueduct of Sylvius, where the flow is the most regular, as well as the ventricular system and subarachnoid spaces [5, 6].

It is important to make a good assessment whether the abnormalities seen using PCC-MRI for changes in CSF flow dynamic parameters were due to the disease itself or secondary to medications or repeated spinal tapping [6].

Aim of the work

To evaluate CSF flow dynamic changes in aqueduct of Sylvius among patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) using novel MRI tool, phase contrast cine MRI (PCC-MRI), and how it can help as a diagnostic tool.

Methods

A case control study was conducted on 30 patients confirmed to have IIH according to the modified Dandy criteria [7] at the Neurology Department. These patients were either first discovered to have IIH or in a regular follow-up at our outpatients’ clinic. All are females with age range from 18 to 42 years. Ten patients were already on medical treatment only (group II), ten cases were on medical treatment and frequent lumbar tapping (group III) with regular follow-up at our outpatient clinic for 2 consecutive years, and other ten cases were diagnosed with IIH recently but had not yet started any medications (group I). Ten healthy female subjects were subjected to our study as a control with age range from 23 to 41 years (group IV). All patients underwent detailed history, full neurological examination, fundus examination, measurement of CSF opening pressure by lumbar puncture, neuro-imaging, and other laboratory findings. The study received approval from the Institutional Review Board, Faculty of Medicine, with code number MS/17.07.13. Informed consents were obtained from all participants in the study.

We recruited patients with IIH according to diagnostic criteria for pseudotumor cerebri syndrome [8]: (1) papilloedema, (2) normal neurologic examination except for cranial nerve abnormalities, (3) neuroimaging: normal brain parenchyma without evidence of hydrocephalus, mass, or structural lesion and no abnormal meningeal enhancement and magnetic resonance venography for others, (4) normal CSF composition, (5) elevated lumbar puncture opening pressure (> 250 mm H₂O).

Those patients who had abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of space-occupying lesions, hydrocephalus, meningitis, or subarachnoid hemorrhage were excluded from this study. Also, those who had normal CSF pressure or had disc edema from other causes as ischemic optic neuropathy and diabetic papillopathy were excluded from the study. Finally, patients who had contraindication for MRI were excluded from the study such as: presence of cardiac pacemaker or those who had electrically or magnetically activated implants (cochlear implants).

The study was conducted on a 1.5-T MRI scanner (Ingenia, Philips Healthcare 1.5 T S E) using a circular polarized head coil. CSF flow dynamic quantitative study was performed using high-resolution axial phase-contrast protocol with imaging phase perpendicular to cerebral aqueduct. A cine acquisition with sensitivity to velocity in the section-select direction was obtained. The direction of flow encoding was caudocranial. The acquired raw data were interpolated to produce 16 frames equally spaced in the cardiac cycle by means of an MRI-compatible peripheral pulse transducer applied to the subject’s finger with retrospective cardiac gating that means MR data are acquired continuously (not in response to a particular cardiorespiratory “trigger” event).

After the data acquisition, all images were transferred to the workstation equipment with the Q flow software that permits quantification of flow-related physiologic data like CSF. A region of interest was drawn manually to include all pixels that reflected the CSF flow signals of the aqueduct on the phase images after magnification of the images to clarify the aqueduct, after that the CSF flow parameters were automatically extracted.

Firstly, the images were analyzed qualitatively using midsagittal phase and magnitude images which revealed aqueductal CSF flow in both systole and diastole; caudal flow in systole was represented as hyperintense signal, while the diastolic flow (cranial flow) was represented as hypointense signal; the change of flow in the aqueduct during systole and diastole ruled out the presence of aqueductal obstruction [9].

For quantitative assessment, peak systolic and diastolic velocities were extracted from the mean velocity time curve. CSF flow dynamics were analyzed in terms of peak diastolic velocity (PDV) in centimeter per second, peak systolic velocity (PSV) in centimeter per second, and aqueductal area. Aqueductal stroke volume was calculated by summation of forward and backward flow, multiplied by duration of CSF flow. The mean flow (MF) was calculated by multiplying the mean velocity in centimeter per second by the aqueductal area in square centimeters where the mean velocity was automatically determined from the mean value of the measured velocities of each cardiac cycle [10].

Statistical analysis

Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software package version 22.0 [11]. Qualitative data were described as numbers and percentages using Chi-square test and Monte Carlo test. Quantitative data were described using mean ± standard deviation (SD) for parametric data using Student’s t test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Significance of the obtained results was judged at the (0.05) level. The accuracy of a test to discriminate diseased cases from non-diseased cases is evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Sensitivity and specificity were detected from the curve; positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated through cross tabulation.

Results

Patients were classified in this study into 4 groups: group I, first discovered (naïve) IIH patients (10 patients), group II, known IIH patients on medical treatment (10 patients), group III, known IIH patients on medical treatment and frequent lumbar tapping (10 patients). Ten healthy controls matched with the age and sex were included and considered as group IV. All patients were females with overall age ranged from 18 to 42 years. There were no significant group differences in age (p value = 0.41) and body mass index (p value = 0.09) (Table 1).

Table 1 Age and BMI of control group and studied cases

PCC-MRI parameters including mean aqueductal area, peak systolic velocity (PSV), peak diastolic velocity (PDV), the mean flow (MF), and the stroke volume (SV) were assessed.

There was statistically significant difference between group II (on medical treatment) and the control group regarding the PDV and between all studied groups regarding the mean flow. The MF was significantly higher in group I than other groups. The PSV, PDV, and SV were significantly higher in group who was on medical treatment (group II) than other groups (Table 2).

Table 2 Parameters of CSF flowmetry between cases and control group

For measuring the sensitivity and specificity of each PCC-MRI parameters and opening CSF pressure using ROC curve, opening pressure had the highest sensitivity (92.6%) and specificity (100%) with accuracy reaching 94.6% when the AUC (area under the curve) was excellent (= 1) and cutoff point for it was ≥ 26 cm H₂O. The AUC values for other PCC-MRI parameters (PSV, PDV, MF, SV, and aqueduct area) were poor with lower sensitivity and specificity values and lower accuracy as shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Validity of CSF flowmetry and opening pressure in differentiating cases and control

After adjusting confounding factors using logistic regression analysis, we found that SV and aqueductal area are independent predictors of MF among studied cases Table 4.

Table 4 Linear regression for prediction of MF among studied cases

Discussion

PCC-MRI CSF flow study has gained interest over the last 2 decades. Previous studies used PCC-MRI for assessment of CSF dynamic in different disorders other than IIH, especially normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), Arnold-Chiari malformations, and sometimes multiple sclerosis [12]. According to our knowledge, very few studies were concerned with the assessment of CSF flow dynamics in patients with IIH [13].

Akay and his colleagues compared the PCC-MRI parameters of the patients recently diagnosed with IIH and those who were untreated with those improved on medical treatment protocols using the following parameters (aqueductal area, mean rate, peak rate, mean flow) [12]. If the mean rate and flow was used as a comparison between patients with IIH and controls, significant difference was noted. This difference was secondary to a striking reduction in the mean rate and flow values in the patients who improved after medical treatment in comparison to both the healthy subjects and the newly diagnosed patients. Also, the same differences were noted in untreated group as higher rates were noted.

In our study, there was statistically significant difference between the group on medical treatment and the control group regarding the PDV and between all studied groups regarding the mean flow. The MF was significantly higher in the 1st discovered group than other groups. The PSV, PDV, and SV were significantly higher in the group who was on medical treatment than other groups. This difference was attributed to a marked reduction in the mean rate and flow values in the patient group with improved symptoms after treatment compared to both the control group and the recently diagnosed untreated group.

PSV has higher sensitivity (= 83.3%) than other CSF flowmetry parameters with accuracy (= 77.5%). On the other hand, MF has higher specificity (= 80%) than other CSF flowmetry parameters with accuracy (62.5%). MF has strong positive correlation with SV (p = < 0.001) and moderate positive correlation with PSV (P = 0.001), PDV (P = 0.001), and aqueductal area (P = 0.005). Furthermore, SV and aqueductal area are statistically significant predictors of MF among studied cases (P < 0.05) as 67% of MF can be predicted by SV and area. Yet, after all these finding, opening CSF pressure by lumbar tapping still had the highest sensitivity (92.6%) and specificity (100%) with accuracy reaching 94.6%. The low rate and flow passing through the aqueduct in the patient group may be related to low CSF production following medical treatment.

Bradley and his research group on normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) also mentioned that the increased CSF stroke volume is a more important predictor of shunt response than the increased CSF flow void sign, so he found that SV was useful in selecting patients who will actually benefit from shunting as the sensitivity of the aqueductal stroke volume criteria was 80% and the specificity was 100% [14]. Moreover, Qvarlander and his colleagues found that mean flow in aqueduct is a more important parameter in CSF dynamic, and this may reflect altered CSF distributions among third and fourth ventricles [15]. But in our study on IIH patients, we found that SV has low sensitivity (56.7%), specificity (50%), and accuracy (55%) than other parameters.

The limitations to our study included that it was a cross-sectional study, and longitudinal study needs to be performed with larger number of patients. Also, follow-up of CSF dynamics after specific interventions like shunt insertion should be obtained. In this study we concentrate on monitor CSF flow dynamics changes with attempt to consider it as dependable noninvasive diagnostic tool for IIH patients.

Conclusion

PCC-MRI is a non-invasive method used to study CSF flow dynamics in IIH. The most specific CSF flowmetry parameter to diagnose IIH is mean flow (MF), and it was significantly higher in first discovered IIH group than other IIH groups. So we concluded that PCC-MRI can be used as non-invasive technique for diagnosis of IIH. Also, the PCC-MRI may be used as noninvasive tool to follow-up the patient response to treatment. A further study on large scale of patients with different demographic parameters should be done.