Table 4 Efficiency and effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques: summary of reviewed studies
Study | Neuropsychiatric disorder | NIBS technique | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Höppner and colleagues [40] | Depressive disorders | rTMS | - Significant improvement in motor functions |
Jorge and colleagues [41] | Vascular depression | rTMS | - Moderate response rate to rTMS in active stimulation and sham groups |
Wall and colleagues [42] | Major depressive disorder | rTMS | - Decrease in depression and improved verbal memory after treatment |
Weaver and colleagues [45] | ADHD | TMS | - Significant improvements in symptoms in both active stimulation and sham groups |
Sotnikova and colleagues [46] | ADHD | tDCS | - Increased neuronal activation and connectivity in stimulated brain areas |
Sokhadze and colleagues [47] | Autism spectrum disorders | rTMS | - Improved cognitive control, attention, target stimulus recognition, and behavioural recovery |
Nikolin and colleagues [49] | Depression | tRNS | - Reduction in depressive symptoms |
Brumelin and colleagues [50] | Schizophrenia | tRNS | - Positive outcomes in treating schizophrenia |
Stamoulis and colleagues [57] | Epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders | TMS | - Detectable changes in phase variability, suggesting effects on resting brain dynamics - Potential therapeutic implications for conditions with aberrant hyper-synchrony |
Filipcic and colleagues [59] | Major depressive disorder | rTMS | - Higher efficacy of high-frequency rTMS compared to standard treatment alone - Reduction in depressed and anxiety symptoms - Positive safety profile |
Del Felice and colleagues [60] | Parkinson's disease | tACS | - Reduction in beta rhythm and improved motor and cognitive symptoms - Individualised tACS targeting specific frequencies and brain regions |
Wang and colleagues [61] | Chronic insomnia | tACS | - Active tACS sessions significantly improved sleep-related measures compared to sham tACS - Higher response rate and improvements in sleep quality, efficiency, and duration |
Riddle and colleagues [62] | Major depressive disorder | tACS | - Reduction in left frontal alpha power indicating modulation of alpha oscillations - Potential for reducing depression symptoms and enhancing approach motivation |
Mellin and colleagues [63] | Schizophrenia | tACS | - Largest effect size for auditory hallucination symptoms during stimulation period - Potential treatment option for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia |
Bolognini and colleagues [79] | Chronic neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders | N/A | - Improvement in neuropsychiatric and neurologic deficits with NIBS targeting the parietal lobe |
Eleanor and colleagues [81] | Depression | SAINT | - Impressive remission rates of 90% with SAINT protocol targeting left anterior DLPFC and sgACC |