Table 4 Characteristics of COVID-19 patients with intracranial hemorrhage (n = 29)

Age, years (mean ± SD)

58.72 ± 12.58 (36–83)

Age group (years)

 < 20

0

 20–40

4 (13.8%)

 40–60

9 (31%)

 > 60

16 (55.2%)

Gender (female)

15 (51.7%)

Mechanical ventilation

18 (62.1%)

Chest computed tomography severity score (0–20) (mean ± SD)

7.13 ± 3.55 (1–14)

Timing of intracranial hemorrhage, n (%)

 At the onset of COVID-19 symptoms

7 (24.1%)

 Several days after COVID-19 symptoms

4 (13.8%)

 Several weeks after COVID-19 symptoms

17 (58.62%)

 Before clinical signs and symptoms of COVID-19

1 (3.4%)

Neurologic presentation, n (%)

 Focal neurological deficit

8 (27.6%)

 Loss of consciousness

14 (48.3%)

 Headache

2 (6.9%)

 Seizure

4 (13.8%)

 Vertigo

1 (3.4%)

 Ataxia

0

 Visual loss

0

 Cognitive disorder

0

Risk factor, n (%)

 Hypertension

24 (82.8%)

 Diabetes mellitus

8 (27.6%)

 Prior intracranial hemorrhage

1 (4.2%)

 Heart disease

2 (6.9%)

 Current smoker

4 (13.8%)

 Rheumatologic disorder

1 (4.2%)

 More than one risk factor

6 (20.6%)

Diagnosis of COVID-19, N (%)

 Definite

18 (62.1%)

 Probable

7 (24.1%)

 Possible

4 (13.8%)

Type of hemorrhage (%)

 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

8 (27.58%)

 Intraparenchymal with Intraventricular hemorrhage

16 (55.17%)

 Subarachnoid hemorrhage

2 (6.9%)

 Subdural hemorrhage

1 (3.4?5)

 Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

2 (6.9%)

Primary location of hemorrhage evidence on imaging

 Frontal lobe

1 (3.4%)

 Temporal lobe

3 (10.3%)

 Occipital lobe

1 (3.4%)

 Basal ganglia

15 (51.7%)

 Pons

1 (3.4%)

 Brain stem and cerebellum

5 (17.2%)

Laboratory findings upon admission (mean ± SD)

 Platelets (cells/µL)

173,675.86 ± 81,124.79 (33,000–35,2000)

 Prothrombin time (s)

13.98 ± 2.92 (12–23)

 Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)

37.28 ± 13.59 (30–100)

 International normalized ratio

1.27 ± 0.33 (1–2.4)

Treatment, n (%)

 External ventricular drainage

1 (3.4%)

 Osmotic therapy

15 (51.72%)

 Anticoagulants

2 (6.9%)