Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with neurologic disorders according to hospital outcome

Age (years) (mean ± SD)

62.91 ± 91 (19–99)

64.8 ± 17.3 (28–99)

61.43 ± 16.35 (19–93)

Age group (years), n (%)

 < 20

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1%)

 20–40

13 (8.3%)

7 (10.1%)

6 (6.8%)

 40–60

40 (25.5%)

16 (23.2%)

24 (27.3%)

 > 60

103 (65%)

44 (66.7%)

57 (64.8%)

Gender N (%)

 Male

90 (57.3%)

39 (56.5%/)

51 (58.7%)

 Female

67 (42.7%)

30 (43.5%)

17 (19.3%)

COVID-19 diagnosis

 Definite

89 (56.7%)

41 (59.5%)

48 (54.5%)

 Probable

45 (28.7%)

28 (40.5%)

17 (23%)

 Possible

23 (14.6%)

0

23 (26.5%)

Duration of hospitalization (days) (mean ± SD)

10.44 ± 8.43

10.04 ± 8.42 (1–40)

10.75 ± 8.47 (1–43)

Onset time of neurologic presentation, n (%)

 At the onset of COVID-19 symptoms

47 (29.9%)

21 (30.4%)

26 (29.5%)

 Several days after COVID-19 symptoms

77 (49%)

36 (52.2%)

41 (46.6%)

 Several weeks after COVID-19 symptoms

11 (7%)

2 (2.9%)

9 (10.2%)

 Before clinical signs and symptoms of COVID-19

22 (12%)

10 (14.5%)

12 (13.6%)

Department of admission, n (%)

 Neurology

26 (16.6%)

0

26 (29.5%)

 COVID-19 intensive care unit

47 (29.9%)

41 (59.4%)

6 (6.8%)

 Internal medicine

41 (26.1%)

8 (11.6%)

33 (37.5%)

 Neurosurgery

4 (2.5%)

2 (2.9%)

2 (2.3%)

 Emergency

20 (12.7%)

10 (14.5%)

10 (11.4%)

 Stroke care unit

19 (12.1%)

8 (11.6%)

11 (12.5%)

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

112 (71.3%)

52 (75.4%)

60 (68.2%)

 Diabetes mellitus

58 (36.9%)

29 (42%)

29 (33%)

 Atrial fibrillation

7 (4.5%)

2 (2.9%)

5 (5.7%)

 Heart disease

20 (12.7%)

8 (11.6)

12 (136.6%)

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1%)

 End-stage renal disease

2 (1.3%)

2 (2.9%)

0

 Rheumatologic disorder

3 (1.9%)

2 (2.9%)

1 (1.1%)

 Malignancy

3 (1.9%)

1 (1.4%)

2 (2.3%)

 Tobacco smoking

16 (10.2%)

4 (5.8%)

12 (13.6%)

 Opium addiction

4 (2.5%)

0

4 (4.5%)

Respiratory symptom presentation, n (%)

 Cough

38 (24.2%)

11 (15.9%)

27 (30.7%)

 Fever

37 (23.6%)

14 (20.3%)

23 (26.1%)

 Dyspnea

59 (37.6%)

38 (55.1%)

21 (23.9%)

 Myalgia

4 (2.5%)

1 (1.4%)

3 (3.4%)

 Headache

5 (3.2%)

0

5 (5.7%)

 None

14 (8.9%)

5 (7.2%)

9 (10.2%)

Neurological symptom presentation, n (%)

 Loss of consciousness

42 (26.8%)

32 (46.6%)

10 (11.4%)

 Focal neurological deficit

76 (48.4%)

29 (42%)

46 (52.3%)

 Ataxia

2 (1.3%)

0

3 (3.4%)

 Headache

3 (1.9%)

1 (1.4%)

2 (2.3%)

 Seizure

7 (4.5%)

3 (4.3%)

4 (4.5%)

 Status epilepticus

2 (1.3%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.1%)

 Abnormal movement (myoclonus and tremor)

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1%)

 Muscle weakness

16 (10.19%)

2 (2.9%)

14 (15.9%)

 Visual loss

3 (1.9%)

0

3 (3.4%)

 Vertigo

2 (1.3%)

0

2 (2.3%)

 Cognitive disorder

4 (2.5%)

1 (1.4%)

3 (3.4%)

Neurologic disorders, n (%)

 Encephalopathy (any type)

14 (8.9%)

11 (15.9%)

3 (3.4%)

 Cerebrovascular disorder (any type)

 Ischemic/transient ischemic attack

85 (54.1%)

36 (52.2%)

44 (57.7%)

 Intracerebral/intraventricular hemorrhage

24 (15.3%)

12 (7.4%)

12 (13.6%)

 Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage

2 (1.3%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.1)

 Subdural hematoma

1 (0.6%)

1 (1.4%)

0

 Sinuous vein thrombosis

2 (1.3%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.1)

 Seizure (clinical or electrographic)

4 (2.5%)

2 (2.9%)

2 (2.3%)

 Movement disorder

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1)

 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1)

 Peripheral nerve system

 Guillain–Barre syndrome

10 (6.4%)

2 (2.9%)

8 (9.1%)

 Myopathy

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1%)

 Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis

6 (3.8%)

1 (1.4%)

5 (5.7%)

 Encephalitis/meningitis

4 (2.5%)

1 (1.4%)

3 (3.4%)

 Demyelinating disease

2 (1.3%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.1%)

Past neurologic history, n (%)

 None

108 (68.8%)

43 (62.3%)

65 (73.9%)

 Ischemic stroke

32 (20.4%)

18 (26.1%)

14 (15.9%)

 Intracerebral or intraventricular hemorrhage

2 (1.2%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.1)

 Dementia

6 (3.8%)

5 (7.2%)

1 (1.1%)

 Demyelinating disease/multiple sclerosis

2 (1.2%)

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.1%)

 Myasthenia gravis

6 (3.8%)

1 (1.4%)

5 (5.7%)

 Parkinson's and Parkinson-plus syndromes

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1%)

Chest CT severity score (0–20) (mean ± SD)

8.26 ± 4.4 (1–19)

9.98 ± 4.52 (1–19)

6.9 ± 3.8 (1–19)

History of immunosuppression use, n (%)

13 (8.3%)

5 (7.2%)

8 (9.1%)

History of corticosteroid use, n (%)

12 (7.6%)

5 (7.2%)

7 (8%)

Morbidity

 Acute renal failure

12 (7.6%)

8 (11.6%)

4 (4.5%)

 Sepsis

10 (6.4%)

10 (14.5)

0

 Electrolyte disorders

5 (3.2%)

4 (5.8%)

1 (1.1)

 Anemia

7 (4.5%)

3 (4.3%)

4 (4.5)

 Thrombocytopenia

6 (3.8%)

5 (7.2%)

1 (1.1)

 Deep vein thrombosis

2 (1.3%)

2 (2.9%)

0

 Pulmonary embolism

12 (7.6%)

11 (15.9%)

1 (1.1)

 Urinary tract infections

1 (0.6%)

1 (1.4%)

0

 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

1 (0.6%)

1 (1.4%)

0

 Gastrointestinal bleeding

1 (0.6%)

0

1 (1.1)

Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%)

81 (51.6%)

65 (94.2%)

16 (18.2%)

Laboratory findings upon admission

 White blood cells (cells/µL)

10,988.78 ± 3892.49 (1100–25,000)

12,023.19 ± 4588.22 (1100–25,000)

10,168.39 ± 3020.42 (4000–18,000)

 Platelets (cells/¹L)

190,175.64 ± 85,545.86 (10,500–440,000)

164,752.17 ± 82,826.7 (27,000–368,000)

210,339.08 ± 82,675.94 (10,500–440,000)

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

10.88 ± 2.08 (4.3–16.6)

10.28 ± 2.1 (4.3–15)

11.37 ± 1.9 (6.5–16.6)

 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h)

34.88 ± 21.74

37.19 ± 21 (5–95)

32.82 ± 22.26 (5–91)

C-reactive protein

 (−)

49 (31.2%)

20 (29%)

29 (33%)

 ( +)

48 (30.6%)

24 (34.8%)

24 (27.3%)

 (+ +)

16 (10.2%)

12 (17.4%)

4 (4.5%)

 (+ + +)

17 (10.8%)

5 (7.2%)

12 (13.6%)

 Creatine phosphokinase (U/L)

289.13 ± 379.17 (24–2884)

370.06 ± 235 (0–2884)

225.75 ± 232.39 (24–1296)

 Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)

54.92 ± 44.78 (15–367)

64.2 ± 58.19 (15.367)

47 ± 26.7(16–145)

 Alanine transaminase (U/L)

42.63 ± 36.92 (7–290)

45.34 ± 45 (8–290)

40.32 ± 28.32(7–133)

 Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)

212.94 ± 99.69 (35–640)

233.17 ± 118.63 (50–640)

195.67 ± 76.79(35–550)

 Prothrombin time (s)

13.80 ± 3.01(12–31)

13.84 ± 3.03 (12–30)

13.7 ± 3.01(12–31)

 Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)

36.35 ± 10.97 (12–100)

36.51 ± 7.9 (13–62)

36.2 ± 12.9 (12–100)

 International normalized ratio

1.26 ± 0.32 (1–3.7)

1.26 ± 0.3 (1–2.4)

1.26 ± 0.34 (1–3.7)

 Sodium (mEq/L)

140.97 ± 7.24 (126–179)

141.9 ± 8.1 (126–173)

140.23 ± 6.25 (130–179)

 Potassium (mmol/L)

4.1 ± 0.6 (2.7–6.6)

4.1 ± 0.88 (2.7–6.6)

4.05 ± 0.43 (3–5.5)

 Calcium (mmol/L)

8.45 ± 0.85 (6–11.8)

8.3 ± 0.86 (6–10.6)

8.45 ± 0.85 (6.7–11.8)

 Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)

982.60 ± 1142.99 (303–9871)

1158.91 ± 1441.54 (321–9871)

832.91 ± 793 (303–5931)

 Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

32.42 ± 31.21(6–213)

42.56 ± 40.5 (6–213)

24.41 ± 17.6 (6–103)

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.57 ± 1.4 (0.5–9.3)

1.92 ± 1.9 (0.6–9.3)

1.29 ± 0.67 (0.5–4.5)

 Blood sugar (mmol/L)

183.40 ± 91.15 (41–650)

203.04 ± 103.45 (75–650)

167.3 ± 76.6 (41–395)

Troponin

 Negative

134 (85.4%)

51 (73.9%)

83 (94.3%)

 Weakly positive

18 (11.5%)

14 (20.3%)

4 (4.5%)

 Positive

4 (2.5%)

3 (4.3%)

1 (1.1%)

D-dimer

 High

46 (29.3%)

27 (39.1%)

19 (21.6%)

Blood culture

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

4 (2.5%)

4 (5.8%)

0

 Staph-coagulase negative

2 (1.3%)

2 (2.9%)

0

 Klebsiella

8 (5.1%)

7 (10.1%)

1 (1.1%)