Effect of functional electrical stimulation of interscapular muscles on trunk performance and balance in post-stroke elderly patients

Table 3 Changes in variables in the FES group pre- and post-intervention

Study group	Baseline	6 weeks	12 weeks	Baseline versus 6 weeks		Baseline versus 12 weeks
Study group	Baseline	6 weeks	12 weeks	p-value	d	p-value	d
TIS (range 0–23)	14.2 ± 1.07	16.1 ± 1.2	16.8 ± 0.9	< 0.001*	1.9	< 0.001*	2.6
PASS	20.6 ± 1.6	21.9 ± 1.3	22.7 ± 0.9	< 0.001*	1.3	< 0.001*	2.1
SP (cm)	11.36 ± 2.06	9.05 ± 1.9	8.45 ± 2.1	< 0.001*	2.3	< 0.001*	2.9
BBS	43.8 ± 1.36	48.47 ± 1.4	49.8 ± 1.3	< 0.001*	4.67	< 0.001*	6.1
TUG (s)	17.7 ± 1.3	14.5 ± 1.06	13.4 ± 1.2	< 0.001*	3.2	< 0.001*	4.3
BI	49.1 ± 1.6	53.46 ± 0.6	58.9 ± 0.7	< 0.001*	4.36	< 0.001*	8.9

*Significant, BBS: Berg Balance scale BI: Barthel Index, cm: centimeters, FES: functional electrical stimulation, PASS: Postural Assessment Scale, s: seconds, SP: scapular position, TIS: Trunk Impairment Scale, TUG: Timed-Up-and-Go test