Table 2 Characteristics of selected studies
Study | Design | Country | Sample size/ (Female) | Participants (Mean age ± SD) | Educational status of participants | Dep. and Anx. assessment tool | PSMU assessment tool | Results with PSMU | Effect sizes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lin et al. (2021) [30] | Cross-sectional study | Iran | 1073/ (57.2%) | Adults (36.57 ± 10.21) | Educational year: (Mean = 9.87, SD = 4.68) | HADS | BSMAS | Positive and significant association with anxiety and depression | Depression r = 0.195 Anxiety r = 0.170 |
Lin et al. (2020) [31] | Cross-sectional study | Iran | 1078/ (41.7%) | Adults (26.24 ± 7.41) | Able to read and write (0.2%); Primary (0.9%); Secondary (9.9%); Diplom (9.25%); College and above (79.9%) | HADS | BSMAS | Positive and significant association with psychological distress | Psychological distress r = 0.377 |
Lin et al. (2017) [7] | Cross-sectional study | Iran | 2676/ (43.5%) | Adolescents (15.54 ± 1.21) | High school students | DASS | BSMAS | Positive and significant association with anxiety and depression | Anxiety r = 0.167 Depression r = 0.214 |
Alimoradi et al. (2019) [32] | Longitudinal study | Iran | 938/ (100%) | Iranian women (36.5 ± 6.8) | Educational year: (Mean = 11.7, SD = 4.8) | HADS | BSMAS | Positive and significant association with anxiety and depression | Anxiety r = 0.29 Depression r = 0.45 |
Pirouz, Farahnaz (2016) [33] | Cross-sectional study | Iran | 345/ (NR) | University students | University students | BAI-1996 | SMQ | Negative association with anxiety | Anxiety r = -0.55 |
Dagher et al. (2021) [34] | Cross-sectional study | Lebanon | 466/ (61.8%) | Community population (27.29 ± 11.46) | Illiterate 1.8% Primary 3.7% Complementary 7.0% Secondary 20.8% University 66.7% | HDRS HAM-A | SMUD | Positive and significant association with anxiety and no significant association with depression | Anxiety β = 0.2025 Depression p = 0.528 |
Barbar et al. (2020) [35] | Cross-sectional study | Lebanon | 466/ (61.8%) | Adults (27.29 ± 11.46) | Illiterate 1.8% Primary 3.7% Complementary 7.0% Secondary 20.8% University 66.7% | HDRS HAM-A | SMD | Positive and significant association with anxiety and depression | Anxiety r = 0.279, B = 0.20 Depression r = 0.181 |
Malaeb et al. (2020) [36] | Cross-sectional study | Lebanon | 466/ (61.8%) | Adults (27.29 ± 11.46) | Illiterate 1.8% Primary 3.7% Complementary 7.0% Secondary 20.8% University 66.7% | HDRS HAM-A | Severity of dependence to social media | Positive and significant association with anxiety and depression | Anxiety r = 0.178 Depression r = 0.129 |
Fekih-Romdhane et al. (2021) [37] | Cross-sectional study | Tunisia | 1007/ (64.6%) | University students (21.9 ± 2.4) | University students | HDRS HAM-A | ASMAS | Positive and significant association with depressive dimensions of CAPE | Depressive dimensions of CAPE (r = 0.176, r = 0.165) |
Hela Ghali et al. (2019) [38] | Cross-sectional study | Tunisia | 1399/ (60.5%) | School students (17.02 ± 1.51) | School students | NR | Brief version derived from the BFAS | Positive and significant association with depression and no significant association with anxiety | Depression p < 0.0001 Anxiety p = 0.121 |
Nazzal, Zaher et al. (2018) [39] | Cross-sectional study | Palestine | 938/ (61.9%) | University students (19.74 ± 1.33) | University students | DASS | FIS | Positive and significant association with depression and anxiety | Depression r = 0.33 Anxiety r = 0.21 |
Louragli et al. (2019) [40] | Cross-sectional study | Morocco | 541/ (55.1%) | Middle and high school students (15.24 ± 0.06) | Middle and high school students | GAD-7 | BFAS | Positive and significant association with anxiety | Anxiety r = 0.244 |
Malakeh et al. (2021) [41] | descriptive correlational design | Jordan | 510/ (68.6%) | University students (21.38 ± 2.12) | University students: Freshman 8.4% Sophomore 17.3% Junior 30.2% Senior 44.1% | SCL-25 | ASMAS | Positive and significant association with depression and anxiety | Depression r = 0.393 Anxiety r = 0.385 |
Rend Al Saigh et al. (2021) [42] | Cross-sectional study | United Arab Emirates | 105/ (73.3%) | University students (19.88 ± 2.10) | 66.7% of pharmacy students and 68.6% of other university students | PHQ-9 | BSMAS | Positive and significant association with depression | Depression B = 0.5 |
Nadine Zeeni et al. (2018) [43] | Cross-sectional study | Lebanon | 244/ (63.9%) | University students (18.10 ± 0.64) | University students | DASS-21 | MTUAS | Negative association with depression and anxiety | Depression r = -0.11 Anxiety r = -0.07 |