Table 1 Quality assessment of selected studies
Study | Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? | Was the study population clearly specified and defined? | Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? | Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations? | Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided? | For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured? | Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed? | For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure? | Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? | Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? | Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? | Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? | Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? | Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship? between exposure(s) and outcome(s)? | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lin et al. (2021) [30] | ✔ | ✔ | NR | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Lin et al. (2020) [31] | ✔ | ✗ | NR | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Lin et al. (2017) [7] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Alimoradi et al. (2019) [32] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Pirouz, Farahnaz [33] | ✔ | ✔ | NR | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✗ | Fair |
Dagher et al. (2021) [34] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Barbar et al. (2020) [35] | ✔ | ✔ | NR | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Malaeb et al. (2020) [36] | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Fekih-Romdhane et al. (2021) [37] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✔ | Fair |
Hela Ghali et al. (2019)[38] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✗ | Fair |
Nazzal, Zaher et al. (2018) [39] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✗ | Fair |
Louragli et al. (2019) [40] | ✔ | ✔ | NR | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✗ | Fair |
Malakeh et al. (2021) [41] | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✗ | Fair |
Rend Al Saigh et al. (2021) [42] | ✔ | ✔ | NR | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✗ | Fair |
Nadine Zeeni et al. (2018) [43] | ✔ | ✗ | NR | ✔ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | NA | ✔ | ✗ | ✔ | NA | NA | ✗ | Poor |