Table 5 Effect of cortical imaging abnormalities

Chen [18]

4–9 years

–

8/41

OR 6.838 (1.518,30.809)

p = 0.012

Imaging abnormalities are associated with drug resistance

Karaoglu [25]

Median 46 months range (28–126 months)

–

Drug resistance 134/177

Drug receptive 108/281

OR 1.9 (0.71–5.05)

p = 0.0000

multivariate

There is an association between MRI abnormalities and the development of drug-resistant epilepsy

Senem [28]

4 years

–

49/192

OR: 37.55 (16.41–85.94)

p = 0.000

Abnormal imaging suggesting Cortical involvement was found to be associated with the development of intractable seizure

Ramos-Lizana [27]

Mean (± SD) (range)

76.2(± 35.2 SD) month (24–139)

–

30/313

Univariate analysis:

HR = 5.0 + p = 0.000

Multivariate analysis:

HR = 2.3 + p = 0.693

Multivariate analysis shows there is no relationship between abnormal cortical lesions and refractory epilepsy while univariate does

Tripathi [29]

–

Case:

Known epileptogenic structural lesions (133)

None (26)

Nonspecific (41)

Control:

Known epileptogenic structural lesions(15)

None (63)

Nonspecific (122)

200/200

Univariate

OR = 20.46 + p < 0.05

Multivariate

OR = 20.47 + p < 0.005

There is an association between findings of cortical structural lesions on brain imaging and development of refractory epilepsy