Table 2 Comparative analysis of risk factors and warning signs knowledge of heart attack and stroke across various subgroups
From: Public knowledge of risk factors and warning signs of heart attack and stroke
Parameter | Comparative groups | n | Knowledge (mean, SD) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factors | Heart attack signs | Stroke signs | ||||
Age |  < 55 years | 1281 | 17.2 (13.9) | 4.4 (9.1) | 18.8 (16.6) | 0.06  < 0.05  < 0.001 |
 ≥ 55 years | 478 | 18.6 (13.7) | 5.4 (9.9) | 22.4 (17.5) | ||
Sex | Male | 786 | 17.8 (13.9) | 4.1 (8.7) | 19.2 (16.6) | 0.5 0.01 0.2 |
Female | 973 | 17.4 (13.9) | 5.2 (9.8) | 20.3 (17.1) | ||
Education |  ≤ Primary education | 528 | 13.6 (13.5) | 4.1 (8.5) | 17.7 (16.9) |  < 0.001 0.06  < 0.001 |
 ≥ Secondary education | 1231 | 19.3 (13.7) | 5.0 (9.7) | 20.7 (16.8) | ||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 1704 | 17.7 (13.9) | 4.7 (9.3) | 20.0 (16.9) |  < 0.01 0.9  < 0.01 |
Current smoker | 55 | 12.9 (13.2) | 4.6 (9.5) | 12.7 (14.7) | ||
Alcohol | Non-drinker | 1326 | 17.5 (14.0) | 4.8 (9.5) | 19.5 (16.6) | 0.8 0.5 0.7 |
Drinker | 433 | 17.7 (13.5) | 4.4 (9.0) | 19.9 (17.0) | ||
Body mass index | BMI < 25 | 496 | 15.1 (12.9) | 4.3 (9.6) | 17.9 (16.5) |  < 0.001 0.2  < 0.01 |
BMI ≥ 25 | 1263 | 18.6 (14.1) | 4.9 (9.3) | 20.5 (17.0) | ||
Hypertension | Hypertensive | 547 | 19.7 (14.4) | 6.8 (11.4) | 22.8 (17.0) |  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 |
Normotensive | 1212 | 16.6 (13.5) | 3.8 (8.1) | 18.4 (16.7) | ||
Diabetes | Diabetic | 122 | 19.6 (12.5) | 6.9 (13.1) | 20.8 (17.2) | 0.1  < 0.01 0.5 |
Diabetes-free | 1637 | 17.4 (14.0) | 4.6 (9.0) | 19.7 (16.9) | ||
Dyslipidemia | Positive history | 203 | 21.5 (12.6) | 7.5 (11.7) | 24.6 (16.9) |  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 |
Negative history | 1556 | 17.1 (13.9) | 4.3 (8.9) | 19.2 (16.8) | ||
Personal history of heart attack | Positive | 118 | 21.4 (14.8) | 11.8 (14.6) | 25.7 (18.7) |  < 0.01  < 0.001  < 0.001 |
Negative | 1641 | 17.3 (13.8) | 4.2 (8.6) | 19.3 (16.7) | ||
Family history of heart attack | Positive | 216 | 20.3 (14.3) | 6.0 (8.8) | 24.3 (16.2) |  < 0.01 0.03  < 0.001 |
Negative | 1543 | 17.2 (13.8) | 4.5 (9.4) | 19.2 (16.9) | ||
Personal history of stroke | Positive | 49 | 19.3 (18.1) | 7.9 (14.5) | 23.5 (18.6) | 0.4  < 0.001 0.06 |
Negative | 1710 | 17.5 (13.7) | 4.6 (9.2) | 19.7 (16.8) | ||
Family history of stroke | Positive | 518 | 19.3 (13.8) | 5.6 (9.6) | 22.9 (17.0) |  < 0.001 0.01  < 0.001 |
Negative | 1241 | 16.9 (13.8) | 4.4 (9.2) | 18.5 (16.7) | ||
Risk of heart attack/stroke (self-perception) | At risk | 664 | 18.9 (13.9) | 5.3 (10.2) | 21.1 (16.6) |  < 0.01  < 0.05 0.01 |
Not at risk | 1095 | 16.8 (13.8) | 4.4 (8.8) | 19.0 (17.0) | ||