Exploring the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on quality of sleep in Parkinson’s disease

Table 3 Effect of rTMS stimulation on clinical parameters of the PD patients

	Baseline	Immediate after rTMS	Follow-up 1 month later	P value
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
⁺Group (1)	4 ± 1.8	2.6 ± 1.5	2.6 ± 3.8	< 0.001^a,c*
Group (2)	3.6 ± 1.9	3.4 ± 1.8	3.5 ± 1.8	0.9^b
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
Group (1)	5.6 ± 3.8	4.5 ± 2.6	4.2 ± 2.5	< 0. 1^a,c
Group (2)	4.3 ± 3.4	4.2 ± 2.9	4.1 ± 2.9	0.5^a,c
Beck Depression Inventory Scale (BDI-II)
Group (1)	6.8 ± 4.5	4.6 ± 3.9	4.6 ± 4	0.008^a*
Group (2)	6.8 ± 5.2	6.6 ± 5	6.6 ± 5	0.9^a,b
Modified Hoehn and Yahr Staging Scale
Group (1)	2.6 ± 1.1	2.1 ± 0.86	2.2 ± 0.78	0.002^a*
Group (2)	2.4 ± 1.1	2.2 ± 0.86	2.1 ± 0.86	0.6^a
UPDRS-III
Group (1)	48.4 ± 25.3	32.2 ± 20.4	33.6 ± 20.4	< 0.001^*a
Group (2)	41.6 ± 25.3	40.1 ± 22.1	40.5 ± 21.6	0.1^a

UPDRS-III: Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale
a: significance between baseline and immediate, b: significance between immediate and after 1 m, c: significance between baseline and after 1 m
^* = significant < 0.05, ⁺Group (1): PD patients who received real-rTMS, Group (2): PD patients received sham