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Table 2 Comparison of GUSS results at baseline among the three groups

From: The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation paired with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on swallowing function in post stroke dysphagia

GUSS before

DCS/NMES

Active NMES

Sham NMES

Test value

P-value

No. = 16

No. = 16

No. = 16

Preliminary

 Median (IQR)

4 (3–4.5)

4 (2–4)

3.5 (2.5–4.5)

1.048c

0.306

 Range

2–5

1–5

2–5

Liquid

 Median (IQR)

1.5 (1–2)

1.5 (1–3)

2.5 (2–3)

0.201c

0.654

 Range

1–3

1–4

0–4

Semisolid

 Median (IQR)

3 (2.5–4.5)

4 (3–5)

4 (3.5–5)

0.638c

0.425

 Range

1–5

1–5

0–5

Solid

 Median (IQR)

3.5 (3–4.5)

4 (3–5)

4.5 (3.5–5)

682c

0.409

 Range

2–5

1–5

0–5

Total

 Mean ± SD

12.0 ± 3.50

13.06 ± 4.22

13.68 ± 4.77

0.661b

0.521

 Range

5–17

4–19

2–18

GUSS categories

 Severe

3 (18.8%)

3 (18.8%)

2 (12.5%)

2.476a

0.649

 Moderate

9 (56.3%)

6 (37.5%)

6 (37.5%)

 Mild

4 (25.0%)

7 (43.8%)

8 (50.0%)

 No

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

  1. Severe (0–9), moderate (10–14), mild (15–19), no dysphagia (20) P-value > 0.05: non significant; P-value < 0.05: significant; P-value < 0.01: highly significant
  2. aChi-square test
  3. bPaired t-test
  4. cWilcoxon test
  5. NMES : Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation, DCS : Direct-current stimulation