Table 4 Cavernous sinus syndrome in various studies

Average age at presentation (years)

44.16 ± 15.32 (range 12–78)

44. 45 ± 14.7 (range 11–70)

39 (range 15–72)

55.5 (range 18–83)

Gender (%)

Female—62

Male—38

Male—64

Female—36

Male—59

Female—41

Female—58

Male—42

Mode of onset (%)

Acute—10.9

Subacute—47.8

Chronic—41.3

Acute—24.7

Subacute—27.4

Chronic—47.9

–

–

Side involved (%)

Right—42.4

Left—54.3

Bilateral—3.3

Bilateral—16.4

Right—49

Left—47

Bilateral—4

Right—53

Left—42

Bilateral—5

Etiology (%)

THS—79.3

Tuberculosis—10.9

Fungal—4.3

Neoplastic—2.2

Vascular—2.2

Others (Sjögren’s syndrome)—1.1

Neoplastic—28.8

Fungal—24.6

THS—23.2

Vascular—6.8

Others—16.4

Tumor—30

Trauma—24

Inflammation/questionable inflammation—23

Surgery—11

Vascular—6

Infection—5

Others—1

Tumor—63

Vascular—20

THS—13

Others—4

Recurrence in THS (n)

8

2

-

3

Symptoms (%)

Headache—97.8

Diplopia—93.5

Ptosis—91.3

Facial numbness—90.2

Headache—97.2

Diplopia—90.4

Ptosis—68.4

Facial numbness—56.2

-

Diplopia—66

Periocular pain—35

Facial paresthesia—15

Cranial nerves involved (%)

CN III—95.7

CN IV—94.6

CN VI—91.3

CN V—90.2

CN II—54.3

CN III—78.1

CN IV—68.4

CN VI—82.1

CN V—V1 (46.5), V2 (30.1), V3 (8.2)

CN II—23.2

CN III—99.3

CN IV—33.1

CN VI—94.7

CN V—38.4

CN II—39.1

CN III—66

CN IV—31

CN VI—58

CN V—V1 (38), V2 (24)

CN II—19