Table 1 Characteristic of included studies on various metabolites between patient with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and healthy controls (HC)
Study ID | Population (HC/AD) | Age y, mean ± SD (range) | Male/female | Tesla (T) | TR/TE (ms) | Pulse | Voxel size | Disease phase | MMSE (mean ± SD) | Metabolites | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HC | AD | HC | AD | Ratio | Absolute | ||||||||
Griffith et al. 2007, USA | 34 (19/15) | 67.47 ± 5.74 | 69.42 ± 6.62 | 11/23 | 3.0 | 2000/32 | – | 8 ml | Mild | 29.58 ± 0.84 | 24.71 ± 2.95 | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, sI/Cr | – |
Kantarci et al. 2007, USA | 148 (88/60) | 79.1 ± 7.2 | 78.0 ± 8.5 | 68/80 | 1.5 | 2000/30 | PRESS | 8 ml | Mild | 29.0 ± 1.0 | 23.0 ± 2.0 | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr | – |
Ding et al. 2008, China | 40 (20/20) | 71.9 ± 6.8 | 67.4 ± 8.9 | 13/27 | 1.5 | 1500/35 | PRESS | 8 ml | Moderate | 28.3 ± 1.0 | 19.5 ± 2.9 | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr | – |
Wang et al. 2009, China | 32 (16/16) | 71.13 ± 11.13 | 72.13 ± 8.04 | 8/24 | 3.0 | 1700/30 | PRESS | – | – | – | – | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, mI/NAA | – |
Watanabe et al. 2010, Japan | 122 (52/70) | 69.4 ± 6.1 | 72.1 ± 7.6 | 38/84 | 1.5 | 2000/30 | PRESS | – | Mild | 29.0 ± 1.4 | 20.8 ± 3.6 | – | NAA, Cr, Cho, mI |
Fayed et al. 2011, Spain | 56 (26/30) | 74.2 ± 6.9 | 69.96 ± 17.29 | 20/36 | 1.5 | 2000/35 | – | 8 ml | – | – | – | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, Glu/Cr, GLx/Cr | NAA, Cho, mI, Glu, GLx |
De Souza et al. 2011, Brazil | 58 (33/25) | 72.72 ± 7.08 | 77.96 ± 7.72 | 21/37 | 1.5 | 1500/31 | PRESS | 8 ml | Mild | 27.7 ± 2.09 | 20.45 ± 4.59 | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/NAA | – |
Zimny et al. 2011, Poland | 45 (15/30) | 69.0 ± 7.9 | 71.5 ± 11.7 | 16/29 | 1.5 | 1500/35 | PRESS | 8 ml | Moderate | 29.8 ± 0.4 | 18.0 ± 5.4 | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Cho/Cr mI/NAA mI/Cho | – |
Lim et al. 2012, Republic of Korea | 45 (22/23) | 68.1 ± 8.2 | 74.5 ± 8.7 | 10/35 | 3.0 | 2000/144 | PRESS | 1.5 × 1.5 × 2 cm | Moderate | 25.8 ± 4.5 | 18.5 ± 5.6 | NAA/Cr | – |
Lim et al. 2012, Republic of Korea | 59 (23/36) | 68.1 ± 8.1 | 74.3 ± 9.6 | 14/35 | 3.0 | 2000/9.147 | – | 8 ml | Moderate | 27.0 ± 4.4 | 18.8 ± 5.3 | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr | – |
Shiino et al. 2012, Japan | 144 (45/99) | 69.6 ± 6.1 | 72.2 ± 8.4 | 92/52 | 1.5 | 2000/30 | PRESS | – | Moderate | 29.1 ± 1.2 | 19.7 ± 3.4 | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, mI/NAA | NAA, Cr, Cho, mI, GLx |
Wang et al. 2012, China | 103 (56/47) | 71.4 ± 9.7 | 70.9 ± 9.2 | 41/62 | 3.0 | 1500/35 | PRESS | 8 ml | Moderate | 26.5 ± 3.5 | 13.8 ± 5.4 | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/mI | – |
Watanabe et al. 2012, Japan | 121 (54/67) | 69.5 ± 6.2 | 72.3 ± 7.5 | 38/83 | 1.5 | 2000/30 | PRESS | – | Mild | 29.1 ± 1.4 | 20.6 ± 3.5 | – | NAA, mI |
Fayed et al. 2014, Spain | 229 (193/36) | 45.1 | 80.4 | 85/144 | 1.5 | 2000/35 | PRESS | 8 ml | – | – | – | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Cho/Cr, Glx/Cr | NAA, Glu, Cho, mI, GLx |
Graff-Radford et al. 2014, USA | 183 (148/35) | 77 ± 6 | 79 ± 11 | 97/86 | 1.5 | 2000/30 | – | 8 ml | – | – | – | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Cho/Cr | – |
Zou et al. 2014, China | 40 (20/20) | 64.94 ± 7.93 | 64.84 ± 8.82 | 17/23 | 3 | 1500/35 | PRESS | 20 × 20 × 20 mm | Moderate | 27.35 ± 1.01 | 16.21 ± 4.01 | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr | – |
Jahng et al. 2016, Republic of Korea | 71 (47/24) | 69.67 ± 6.58 | 74.83 ± 8.03 | 29/42 | 3 | 2000/35 | PRESS | 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 | Moderate | 29.74 ± 0.55 | 18.96 ± 5.09 | – | NAA, Cr, mIns, Glx, Glu |
Su et al. 2016, UK | 69 (34/35) | 76.8 ± 5.2 | 78.3 ± 5.8 | 40/29 | 3 | 3450/35 | – | – | Moderate | 29.1 ± 1.0 | 19.3 ± 4.3 | Cho/Cr, NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Glx/Cr | – |