Table 1 Clinical predictors for drug-resistant epilepsy
From: Clinical, radiological and electrophysiological predictors for drug-resistant epilepsy
Clinical predictors | Control n = 103 (%) | Case n = 52 (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
 Male | 42 (40.8) | 33 (63.5) | 0.08 |
 Female | 61 (59.2) | 19 (36.5) |  |
Age | |||
 Mean ± SD | 31.7 ± 11.5 | 22.2 ± 8 | < 0.001* |
Age at onset | |||
 Infant (0–2) | 7 (6.8) | 18 (34.6) | < 0.001* |
 Child (2–12) | 30 (29.1) | 29 (55.8) | |
 Adolescence (2–18) | 43 (41.8) | 5 (9.6) | |
 Adult (18–65) | 21 (20.4) | 0 | |
 Elderly > 65 | 2 (1.9) | 0 | |
Family history of epilepsy | |||
 Positive | 38 (36.9) | 26 (50) | 0.118 |
 Negative | 65 (63.1) | 26 (50) |  |
Neonatal history | |||
 Perinatal history | |||
  Normal | 99 (96.1) | 35 (67.3) | < 0.001* |
  Hypoxia | 4 (3.9) | 17 (32.7) | |
 Developmental milestone | |||
  Normal | 99 (96.1) | 35 (67.3) | < 0.001* |
  Delayed | 4 (3.9) | 17 (32.7) | |
Febrile seizures | |||
 None | 91 (88.3) | 18 (34.6) | < 0.001* |
 Simple | 11 (10.7) | 5 (9.6) | |
 Complex | 1 (1) | 29 (55.8) | |
Seizure type | |||
 Myoclonus | 23 (22.3) | 0 | < 0.001* |
 Focal aware | 26 (25.2) | 0 | < 0.001* |
 Focal evolving to bilateral | 13 (12.6) | 31 (59.6) | < 0.001* |
 Multiple seizure types | 0 | 21 (40.4) | < 0.001* |
 Tonic | 2 (1.9) | 0 | 0.551 |
 Clonic | 3 (2.9) | 0 | 0.327 |
 Tonic–clonic | 3 (2.9) | 0 | 0.327 |
 Absence | 3 (2.9) | 0 | 0.327 |
Initial seizure frequency | |||
 Less than 1 per year | 5 (4.8) | 0 | 0.169 |
 Monthly | 68 (66) | 7 (13.5) | < 0.001* |
 Weekly | 28 (27.2) | 20 (38.5) | 0.193 |
 Daily to frequent per day | 2 (1.9) | 25 (48) | < 0.001* |
 In conclusion: patients who had more than 1 per month | 29.1% | 86.5% | < 0.001* |
Response to the first ASD | |||
 Less than 1 per year | 82 (79.6) | 0 (0) | 0.003* |
 1/6 months | 21 (20.4) | 1 (1.9) | < 0.001* |
 Monthly | 0 (0) | 16 (30.8) | < 0.001* |
 Weekly | 0 (0) | 22 (42.3) | < 0.001* |
 Daily to frequent per day | 0 (0) | 13 (25) | < 0.001* |
 In conclusion: seizure reduction to 1/ year | 79.6% | 1.9% | < 0.001* |
History of SE | |||
 None | 98 (95.1) | 16 (30.8) |  < 0.001* |
 Once | 5 (4.9) | 14 (26.9) | |
 More than 2 | 0 (0) | 22 (42.3) | |
Etiology | |||
 Idiopathic | 50.5 | 3.8 | ≤ 0.001* |
 Structural | 16.5 | 38.5 | 0.002* |
 Infection | 1.9 | 13.5 | 0.007* |
 Metabolic | 0 | 21.2 | < 0.001* |
Associated comorbidity | |||
 Neurological deficits | 9 (8.7) | 30 (57.7) | < 0.001* |
 Intellectual disability | 6 (5.8) | 38 (73.1) | |
 Depression | 7 (6.8) | 19 (36.5) | |