Table 1 Demography, Clinical features, Investigations, management patterns and outcomes in AE (n = 31) and subgroup comparison between Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis (n = 13) and Anti-VGKC Encephalitis

Gender female (%)

9 (29)

7 (53.8)

1 (6.2)

Mean age (± SD) (years)

44.37 ± 9.89

34.84 ± 11.77

52.12 ± 10.39

Clinical manifestations

Cognitive/Behavioural disturbances (%)

20 (64.5)

10 (76.9)

10 (62.5)

 Seizures (%)

21 (67.7)

11 (84.6)

9 (56.2)

 GTCS (%)

15 (48.3)

11 (84.6)

3 (18.7)

 FBDS (%)

6 (19.3)

Nil

6 (37.5)

 Sleep disturbances (%)

5 (19.3)

5 (38.4)

1 (6.2)

 Memory disturbances (%)

5 (16.1)

3 (23)

2 (12.5)

 Language disturbances (%)

5 (16.1)

5 (38.4)

Nil

 Decreased level of consiousness (%)

10 (32.2)

8 (61.5)

1 (6.2)

 Visual Hallucination (%)

4 (12.9)

2 (15.3)

2 (12.5)

 Movement disorders (%)

3 (9.6)

1 (7.6)

2 (12.5)

 Neuromyotonia (%)

3 (9.6)

Nil

3 (18.7)

 Autonomic disturbances (%)

2 (6.4)

1 (7.6)

1 (6.2)

 Ataxia and cerebellar signs (%)

2 (6.4)

Nil

2 (12.5)

 Fasciculations (%)

2 (6.4)

Nil

2 (12.5)

 Tongue Atrophy (%)

1 (3.2)

Nil

1 (6.2)

EEG findings

 Generalized slowing (%)

7 (22.5)

3 (23)

3 (18.7)

 Generalized spike-and-wave (%)

6 (19.3)

5 (38.4)

1 (6.2)

 Normal (%)

18 (58)

5 (38.4)

12 (75)

MRI findings

 Normal (%)

24 (77.4)

10 (76.9)

13 (81.2)

CSF findings

 Pleocytosis ° (%)

13/25 (52)

9/12 (75)

2/13 (15.3)

 Mean protein concentration (± SD)

43.30 (± 20.46)

45.72 (± 20.3)

49.63 (± 21.36)

Preceding infection (%)

5 (16.1)

5 (38.4)

Nil

Treatment

 Pulse steroids (%)

29 (93.5)

13 (100)

15 (93.7)

 IVIG (%)

13 (41.9)

6 (46.1)

6 (37.5)

 Plasmapharesis (%)

2 (6.40

2 (15.3)

Nil

 Rituximab (%)

3 (9.6)

3 (23)

Nil

Outcomes

 Replases (%)

2 (6.4)

1 (7.6)

1 (6.2)

 Residual deficits (%)

3 (9.7)

3 (23)

Nil