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Table 1 In vivo neurovascular studies of C21

From: A review of literature on Compound 21-loaded gelatin nanoparticle: a promising nose-to-brain therapy for multi-infarct dementia

Subject

Route

Dosage of C21

Time

Results

Citation

41 adult male Wistar rats (4 months old)

IP

0.03 mg/kg/day of C21 and 0.3 mg/kg/d candesartan

3 days

Effectively prevented the development of cognitive impairment (7th day), preserved short-term working memory (21st day), and better associative learning and reference memory (28th day)

[75]

30 adult male Wistar rats (4 months old)

Oral

0.12 mg/kg/day of C21

30 days

C21 lowered weight loss and improved regeneration, retained non-spatial and short-term memory skills, maintained reference memory and aided associative learning, enhance brain flexibility and avoided cortical buildup of /

[25]

Adult male C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks old)

IP

10 μg/kg/day of C21 or 0.1 mg/kg/day of azilsartan

1 week

In an Alzheimer's disease mice model, C21 increased cognitive performance, decreased cognitive decline, stimulated hippocampal neurite elongation, stimulated neuron formation and decreased inflammation

[23]

Adult male Wistar rats

IP

0.03 mg/kg of C21

1 week

C21 is neurovascularly protective and improves cerebrovascular defects prognosis through enhancing neurotrophic functioning, reducing brain inflammation, and encouraging antioxidant and pro-angiogenic effects

[76]

Adult male Wistar rats

Oral

0.12 mg/kg/day of C21

8 weeks

Delaying C21 treatment for three days after a stroke lowered mortality and repaired somatosensory and cognitive impairments. Inflammation and demyelination were also decreased. C21 also influence later neurodegenerative processes in addition to acute neuroprotection

[77]

28 adult male Wistar rats (14 months old)

Oral

0.12 mg/kg/day of C21

8 weeks

Candesartan and C21 both efficiently maintained cognitive function and slowed the advancement of vascular cognitive impairment, however only candesartan halted brain volume decline in elderly hypertensive mice. Delayed delivery of RAS modulators successfully preserved cognitive performance and prevented the development of VCI

[78]

  1. IP intraperitoneal, VCI vascular cognitive impairment