Subject | Route | Dosage of C21 | Time | Results | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
41 adult male Wistar rats (4 months old) | IP | 0.03Â mg/kg/day of C21 and 0.3Â mg/kg/d candesartan | 3Â days | Effectively prevented the development of cognitive impairment (7th day), preserved short-term working memory (21st day), and better associative learning and reference memory (28th day) | [75] |
30 adult male Wistar rats (4 months old) | Oral | 0.12 mg/kg/day of C21 | 30 days | C21 lowered weight loss and improved regeneration, retained non-spatial and short-term memory skills, maintained reference memory and aided associative learning, enhance brain flexibility and avoided cortical buildup of / | [25] |
Adult male C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks old) | IP | 10 μg/kg/day of C21 or 0.1 mg/kg/day of azilsartan | 1 week | In an Alzheimer's disease mice model, C21 increased cognitive performance, decreased cognitive decline, stimulated hippocampal neurite elongation, stimulated neuron formation and decreased inflammation | [23] |
Adult male Wistar rats | IP | 0.03 mg/kg of C21 | 1 week | C21 is neurovascularly protective and improves cerebrovascular defects prognosis through enhancing neurotrophic functioning, reducing brain inflammation, and encouraging antioxidant and pro-angiogenic effects | [76] |
Adult male Wistar rats | Oral | 0.12 mg/kg/day of C21 | 8 weeks | Delaying C21 treatment for three days after a stroke lowered mortality and repaired somatosensory and cognitive impairments. Inflammation and demyelination were also decreased. C21 also influence later neurodegenerative processes in addition to acute neuroprotection | [77] |
28 adult male Wistar rats (14 months old) | Oral | 0.12Â mg/kg/day of C21 | 8Â weeks | Candesartan and C21 both efficiently maintained cognitive function and slowed the advancement of vascular cognitive impairment, however only candesartan halted brain volume decline in elderly hypertensive mice. Delayed delivery of RAS modulators successfully preserved cognitive performance and prevented the development of VCI | [78] |