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Table 4 Results of multiple linear regression analysisa on factors significantly associated with depression and anxiety

From: Factors affecting anxiety and depression during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of three different populations

 

Independent variables

GAD7

BDI

 

B

95% CI

β

t

Sig

f

B

95% CI

β

t

Sig

f

General population

Age

0.001

(− 0.067/0.069)

0.002

0.028

0.978

7.810

− 0.044

− 0.171/0.083

− 0.056

− 0.684

0.495

4.958

Gender (female vs male)

1.874

0.314/3.434

0.170

2.373

0.019

0.649

− 2.273/3.572

0.033

0.439

0.661

Marital status (married vs single)

− 0.738

− 2.229/0.753

− 0.076

− 0.978

0.330

− 1.404

− 4.197/1.388

− 0.080

− 0.994

0.322

Living important life event (yes vs no)

1.668

0.092/3.244

0.151

2.091

0.038

2.729

− 0.223/5.682

0.138

1.826

0.070

Having physical Illness (yes vs no)

− 1.030

− 3.093/1.034

− 0.072

− 0.985

0.326

− 1.061

− 4.927/2.806

− 0.042

− 0.542

0.589

Fear of infecting relatives

0.647

0.383/0.912

0.355

4.831

0.000

1.009

0.514/1.505

0.309

4.021

0.000

R2adj = 0.20 (N = 165, p = 0.000). CI = confidence interval for B

R2adj = 0.12 (N = 165, p = 0.000) CI = confidence interval for B

Frontline healthcare workers

Age

− 0.039

− 0.166/0.088

− 0.057

− 0.612

0.542

5.054

0.129

− 0.126/0.383

0.095

1.001

0.319

4.616

Gender (female vs male)

0.013

− 2.391/2.417

0.001

0.011

0.992

− 1.247

− 6.065/3.570

− 0.042

− 0.512

0.609

Marital status (married vs single)

− 0.164

− 2.068/1.740

− 0.016

− 0.170

0.865

− 4.569

− 8.385/− 0.753

− 0.219

− 2.370

0.019

Living important life event (yes vs no)

1.502

− 0.204/3.207

0.141

1.742

0.084

2.589

− 0.830/6.007

0.123

1.499

0.136

Having physical Illness (yes vs no)

− 0.423

− 2.996/2.150

− 0.027

− 0.325

0.745

− 1.537

− 6.693/3.619

− 0.049

− 0.590

0.556

Fear of infecting relatives

0.687

0.326/1.048

0.315

3.767

0.000

1.286

0.563/2.009

0.298

3.519

0.001

Lack of protective equipment’s (yes vs no)

3.045

1.224/4.865

0.270

3.310

0.001

 

5.398

1.750/9.047

0.241

2.929

0.004

R2adj = 0.179 (N = 130, p = 0.000). CI = confidence interval for B

R2adj = 0.163 (N = 130, p = 0.000). CI = confidence interval for B

Covid-19 inpatients

Age

− 0.011

− 0.106/0.084

− 0.036

− 0.223

0.824

2.410

− 0.046

− 0.197/0.105

− 0.098

− 0.610

0.543

2.553

Gender (female vs male)

0.782

− 1.686/3.251

0.076

0.631

0.530

2.373

− 1.549/6.295

0.143

1.205

0.232

Marital status (married vs single)

0.184

− 2.315/2.684

0.020

0.147

0.884

− 0.268

− 4.240/3.705

− 0.018

− 0.134

0.894

Living important life event (yes vs no)

0.674

− 3.426/4.775

0.034

0.327

0.744

0.645

− 5.881/7.172

0.020

0.197

0.844

Having physical Illness (yes vs no)

− 0.676

− 3.311/1.959

− 0.065

− 0.511

0.611

− 3.292

− 7.488/0.903

− 0.198

− 1.563

0.122

Fear of infecting relatives

0.077

− 0.197/0.352

0.061

0.561

0.576

0.344

− 0.093/0.782

0.168

1.567

0.121

Days of hospitalisation

− 0.222

− 0.473/0.030

− 0.191

− 1.752

0.084

− 0.143

− 0.545/0.258

− 0.077

− 0.712

0.479

Fear of re-hospitalisation

0.444

0.132/0.757

0.303

2.832

0.006

0.576

0.060/1.093

0.244

2.221

0.029

R2adj = 0.10 (N = 85, p = 0.027). CI = confidence interval for B

R2adj = 0.12 (N = 85, p = 0.16) CI = confidence interval for B

  1. GAD7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory
  2. aEnter model was applied