Table 1 Comparisons between those with and without shoulder pain
From: Clinical and radiological assessment of hemiplegic shoulder pain in stroke patients
| Characteristic |
Without pain N = 136 |
With pain N = 74 | Test of significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical (nominal) | χ2 | P value | ||
| Sex | 5.530 | 0.019 | ||
| Female | 69 (50.7%) | 50 (67.6%) | ||
| Male | 67 (49.3%) | 24 (32.4%) | ||
| Hemiplegic side | 45.113 | < 0.001 | ||
| Right | 86 (63.2%) | 11 (14.9%) | ||
| Left | 50 (36.8%) | 63 (85.1%) | ||
| Nature of stroke | 13.517 | < 0.001 | ||
| Ischemic | 126 (92.6%) | 55 (74.3%) | ||
| Hemorrhagic | 10 (7.4%) | 19 (25.7%) | ||
| Sensory disturbance for light touch | 0 (0%) | 26 (35.1%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Adhesive capsulitis | 1 (0.7%) | 21 (28.4%) | 39.047 | < 0.001 |
| Supraspinatus calcification | 1 (0.7%) | 11 (14.9%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Sub-acromial sub-deltoid bursitis | 0 (0%) | 23 (31.1%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Bicipital tendinitis | 0 (0%) | 33 (44.6%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Shoulder subluxation | 0 (0%) | 10 (13.5%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Shoulder joint effusion | 0 (0%) | 35 (47.3%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Acromio-clavicular joint capsular hypertrophy | 0 (0%) | 6 (8.1%) | FET | 0.001 |
| Rotator cuff disorders | 0 (0%) | 19 (25.7%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | 0 (0%) | 22 (29.7%) | FET | < 0.001 |
| Presence of risk factors for stroke | 129 (94.9%) | 71 (95.9%) | FET | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 71 (52.2%) | 53 (71.6%) | 7.471 | 0.006 |
| Hypertension | 82 (60.3%) | 47 (63.5%) | 0.210 | 0.647 |
| IHD | 59 (43.4%) | 29 (39.2%) | 0.346 | 0.556 |
| AF | 22 (16.2%) | 6 (8.1%) | 2.700 | 0.100 |
| Smoking | 13 (9.6%) | 3 (4.1%) | 2.063 | 0.151 |
| Dyslipidemia | 60 (44.1%) | 30 (40.5%) | 0.250 | 0.617 |
| Ordinal/Quantitative | Z value | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63 (60–67) | 61.5 (59–66) | − 1.855 | 0.064 |
| Disease duration (months) | 12 (3–18) | 2 (0.5–6) | − 7.5080 | < 0.001 |
| Barthel Index score (BIS) | 57 (40–75) | 40 (5–65) | − 3.659 | < 0.001 |
| Number of risk factors for stroke | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | − 0.287 | 0.774 |
| Muscle power score (0–5) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (0–4) | − 0.403 | 0.687 |
| Brunnström motor recovery (BMR) stage | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | − 2.567 | 0.010 |
| ASHWORTH SCALE | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | − 0.947 | 0.344 |
| VAS scale | 0 (0–0) | 2 (2–3) | − 14.081 | < 0.001 |