Table 2 Effects of bullying behavior
Effects of bullying behavior | |
|---|---|
Effects on the bully | Â |
Short term effects [60] | Long term effects [61] |
Poor school performance (missed school due to suspensions increases this risk) Increased truancy risk Difficulty maintaining social relationships Increased risk of substance abuse | Risk of spousal or child abuse Risk of antisocial behaviour Substance abuse Less likely to be educated or employed |
Effects for the victim | Â |
Short term effects [61] | Long term effects [60] |
Social isolation Feelings of sham Sleep disturbance Changes in eating habits Low self-esteem School avoidance Symptoms of anxiety Bed wetting Higher risk of illness Psychosomatic symptoms (stomach-aches, headaches, muscle aches, other physical complaints with no known medical cause) Poor school performance Symptoms of depression | Chronic depression Increased risk of suicidal thoughts, suicide plans, and suicide attempts Anxiety disorders Post-traumatic stress disorder Poor general health Self-destructive behavior, including self-harm Substance abuse Difficulty establishing trusting, reciprocal friendships, and relationships |
Effects on school community [60] | |
Student body less engaged in school activities Lower overall performance on standardized tests Lower graduation rate | |
Effects on society [60] | |
Disproportionate need for societal support systems such as Extended sick leave Unemployment Uncollected tax revenues Increase of health care costs | |