Table 4 Association between moderate, severe insomnia and patients’ characteristics
From: Sleep in post-COVID-19 recovery period and its impact on different domains of quality of life
Socio-demographic data | Total (n = 500) | Moderate and severe insomnia (n = 160) | χ2 (p value) | OR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age/ years | ||||
Mean ± SD | 36.98 ± 10.87 | |||
≤ 36 y (r) | 260 (52%) | 69 (26.5%) | 7.42 (0.006*) | 1 1.7 (1.2–2.5) |
> 36 y | 240 (48%) | 91 (37.9%) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male (r) | 305 (61.0%) | 97 (27.9%) | 6.1 (0.013*) | 1 1.6 (1.1–2.4) |
Female | 195 (39.0%) | 63 (38.5%) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married (r) | 342 (68.4%) | 99 (28.9%) | 4.63 (0.031*) | 1 1.5 (1.04–2.3) |
Single | 158 (31.6%) | 61 (38.6%) | ||
Education | ||||
Primary (r) | 101 (20.2%) | 30 (29.7%) | – | 1 |
Secondary | 213 (42.6%) | 70 (32.9%) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | |
University | 186 (37.2%) | 60 (32.3%) | 0.32 (0.85) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
Occupation | ||||
Worker | 302 (60.4%) | 103 (34.1%) | 1.55 (0.21) | 1.28 (0.9–1.8) |
Non worker (r) | 198 (39.6%) | 57 (28.8%) | 1 | |
Residence | ||||
Urban (r) | 303 (60.6%) | 90 (29.7%) | 1.86 (0.17) | 1 |
Rural | 197 (39.4%) | 70 (35.5%) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | |
Smoking | ||||
Smokers (r) | 299 (59.8%) | 88 (29.4%) | 2.26 (0.13) | 1 |
Non smokers | 201 (40.2%) | 72 (35.8%) | 1.3 (0.9–2) | |
Days after recovery from COVID 19 | 13.04 ± 4.99 | |||
≤ 12 days (r) | 284 (56.8%) | 0 (0%) | 309 (≤ 0.001*) | NA |
> 12 days | 216 (43.2%) | 160 (74.1%) | ||
Physical functioning | 60 (0–100) | |||
≤ 60 | 254 (50.8%) | 93 (36.6%) | 5.05 (0.025*) | 1.5 (1.1–2.3.) |
> 60 (r) | 246 (49.2%) | 67 (27.2%) | 1 | |
Role limitation due to physical health | 50 (0–100) | |||
≤ 50 | 312 (62.4%) | 113 (36.2%) | 6.78 (0.009*) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) |
> 50 (r) | 188 (37.6%) | 47 (25.0%) | 1 | |
Role limitation due to emotional problems | 33.33 (0–100) | |||
≤ 33.33 | 322 (64.4%) | 124 (38.5%) | 17.61 (≤ 0.001*) | 2.5 (1.6–3.8) |
> 33.33 (r) | 178 (35.6%) | 36 (20.2%) | 1 | |
Energy/ fatigue | 10 (0–70) | |||
≤ 10 | 308 (61.6%) | 93 (30.2%) | 1.20 (0.27) | 0.23 (0.8–1.8) |
> 10 (r) | 192 (38.4%) | 67 (34.9%) | 1 | |
Emotional well being | 8 (0–56) | |||
≤ 8 | 293 (58.6%) | 94 (32.1%) | 0.002 (0.96) | 1.01 (0.6–1.5) |
> 8 (r) | 207 (41.4%) | 66 (31.9%) | 1 | |
Social functioning | 12.5 (0–100) | |||
≤ 12.5 | 268 (53.6%) | 78 (29.1%) | 2.23 (0.14) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
> 12.5 (r) | 232 (46.4%) | 82 (35.3%) | 1 | |
Pain | 0 (0–100) | |||
0 | 288 (57.6%) | 85 (29.5%) | 1.93 (0.17) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
> 0 (r) | 212 (42.4%) | 75 (35.4%) | 1 | |
General health | 15 (0–90) | |||
≤ 15 | 285 (57.0%) | 110 (38.6%) | 13.25 (≤ 0.001*) | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) |
> 15 (r) | 215 (43.0%) | 50 (23.3%) | 1 | |
Global PSQI Score | 15.37 ± 4.43 | |||
≤ 17 | 275 (55.0%) | 155 (56.6%) | 168.2 (≤ 0.001*) | 57.6 (23–144) |
> 17 (r) | 225 (45.0%) | 5 (2.2%) | 1 |