Table 1 Motor/non-motor symptoms
From: The impact of clinical scales in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Symptom type | Features |
|---|---|
Motor symptoms | |
Bradykinesia [18] | Affects up to 98% of Parkinson’s Patients Motor planning amplitude disruptions are reduced |
Tremor [19] | Approximately 75% of PD patients are affected by tremor Includes rest tremor, action tremor, and mixed tremor Trembling of one or both hands at rest is a symptom Also affects the chin, lips, face, and legs |
Muscular rigidity [20] | Muscle resistance during passive mobilization is unable to relax normally Creates muscle pain |
Postural reflex and gait disturbance [21] | People with PD can fall up to 40% of the time About 10% of people can experience weekly falls The number of drop-downs is related to the seriousness of PD Shorter stride length, which can get shorter over time |
Non-motor symptoms | |
Autonomic dysfunction [22] | Affects 70% to 80% of patients Have a high level of morbidity and pain Includes sexual problem, dysregulation of swallowing, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiac regulation problem, orthostatic hypotension, entrail, and bladder irregularities |
Sleep dysfunction [23] | Affecting 64% of PD patients Fatigue, REM sleep pattern disorder, muscle spasms, prolonged morning sleepiness, sleep disorder, and sleep fragmentation are all forms of sleep disturbances Sleep dysfunctions are multi-factorial that includes nocturnal and diurnal symptoms Sleep in PD is characterized by decreased sleep performance and an elevated number of awakenings |
Sensory dysfunction [24] | Includes pain, olfactory disturbance, and visual dysfunction |
Neuropsychiatric [25] | Includes depression, anxiety, apathy and psychosis Despite the lower prevalence rates, roughly 30–40% of patients with PD experience severe depressive manifests |