Table 2 Published papers on the prevalence and associated risk factors from inception to March 2020
From: The epidemiology of common mental disorders in Libya: a systematic review
Author | Aim | Relevant Disorder | Study design | Settings | Study population (sexes), age range (years) | Outcome measures | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[25] | Present sociodemographic and diagnostic characteristics of psychiatric inpatients in Eastern Libya | Neurotic depression based on ICD-9 classification | Cross sectional | Psychiatric hospital, Benghazi city | 1009 psychiatric patients (both), ≥ 15 | ICD-9 manual | Prevalence: 58.6% (65/111) of patients with neurotic disorders developed neurotic depression The key risk factors identified: young age, being single and doing military services |
[26] | Examining the adequacy and consistency of Beck Depression Inventory second edition in Arabic population | Depression | Cross sectional | Sebha city | 298 Undergraduate students, (both), 18–25 | Beck Depression Inventory using an Arabic version of the BDI-II | Mean (SD) = 22.7 (± 12.6) The scale could be a successful rapid screening device for depression and especially useful in future epidemiological/ prevalence studies |
[24] | Assessing the relationship between depression and non-adherence to anticoagulant therapy after valve replacement | Depression | Cross sectional | Annour Clinic, Red Crescent, Misurata city | 62 cardiac patients (both), 38–60 | CES-D and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory | Prevalence: 35.5% (22/62) with mean age (SD) = 51 (± 7.1) |
[30] | To assess depression and anxiety in children with some skin diseases | Anxiety and depression | Case–control | Al Wahda hospital and Community Health Center, Derna city | 100 children, (both), 6–14 | Standardized Arabic version of CDI and anxiety assessment using anxiety manifest scale for children | Prevalence: Mean score (SD) of depression is 12.1 (± 4) in dermatology children, while it is 9.7 (± 3.3) in control group at P value < 0.05 Mean score (SD) of anxiety is 19.9 (± 6.4) in dermatology children, while it is 13.2 (± 5.6) in control ones at (P < 0.05) The key risk factors identified: dermatological conditions such as acne (that are associated with cosmetic impact) increase vulnerability to develop depressive disease. Female gender: |
[31] | Investigating the differences between high academic achievement and of low academic achievement students in the variables of intelligence and exam anxiety | Anxiety | Cross sectional | Zawia city | 302 Undergraduate students, (both), ≥ 15 | Arabic version of STAI | The was no general conclusion that was drawn from this study |
[27] | To assess the physical, mental, emotional and social health status of adolescents and youths attending university and to determine variables associated with their health status | Anxiety and depression | Cross sectional | Benghazi city | 383 Undergraduate students, (both), 17–24 | EQ-5D questionnaire | Prevalence: 62.7% (240/282) Males: 51.3% (79/154) and females: 70.3% (161/229) The key risk factors identified: Smoking and low levels of physical activity, especially among women |
[28] | To assess the frequencies of self-reported students’ symptoms and two stressors (educational related and general overall) To examine the associations between certain health complaints and students’ socio-demographics and health behaviours/lifestyle features | Anxiety and depression | Cross sectional | Cross Libya (Misurata, Sabha, Zawea, Sirt, Al Bida, Benghazi and Tripoli cities) | 1567 Undergraduate students, (both), ≥ 15 | General student health survey | Prevalence: 749/1300 (57.6%) depressive mood, 738/1300 (56.85%) difficulties to concentrate The key risk factors identified: female gender, academic performance, income insufficiency |
[33] | To investigate the association of mental well‑being and depression with periodontal clinical attachment loss among young adults in post-war urban population | Anxiety and depression | Cross sectional | Sebha city | Random 147 participants (both), 15–35 | Arabic version of WHO five well‑being index and major depression inventory | Prevalence: 40.81% had poor mental well‑being The key risk factors identified: depression is more common in female (73.3%) but its severity is more linked with male gender |
[34] | To determine the degree of anaemia among pregnant women and to assess the depression, anxiety and stress among the anaemia in pregnancy women | Anxiety and depression | Cross sectional | Sebha city | 258 pregnant women, no exact data | DASS 21 | Prevalence: depression 43.4% (112/258), anxiety 25% (65/258) and stress 31.4% (81/258) |
[23] | Not stated clearly (compared the rates of preterm, low-birthweight and caesarean-section births in ware-zone area) | Anxiety (psychosocial stress) | Cross sectional | Al-Jamhouria hospital, Benghazi city | 13,031 pregnant women, (mean age of mothers delivering in the conflict period was 30.1 years, whereas the average pre-conflict age was 30.4 | NA | NA |
[29] | To determine the rates of anxiety and depression among higher education students in Libya so basic data can be provided to the university health program for planning related to the health need for students | Anxiety and depression | Cross sectional | Cross Libya | Random 1300 undergraduate students, (both), 17–34 | Self-rated health questionnaire derived from the ACHA (2005) “Within the last school year, have you been diagnosed with anxiety?” “Within the last school year, have you been diagnosed with depression?” | Prevalence: anxiety was 8.8% (114/ 1300) and depression was 4.3%. (56/1300) Key risk factors identified: insufficient social support and female gender |
[22] | To investigate the effect of social evaluation on Public Speaking Anxiety of English foreign language learners | Anxiety (Public Speaking Anxiety) | Cross sectional | Omar Al-Mukhtar university, Al Bayda city | Random 111 undergraduate students, (both), ≥ 15 | Self-designed questionnaire asking student how they felt | NA |
[32] | To cross-culturally adapt the PASS-20 questionnaire for use in Libya | Anxiety | Cross sectional | Ibn Sina hospital, Sirt city | 208 (patients and unpaid undergraduate Students), (both) (42 women) | Arabic PASS-20 and the Arabic Pain Rating Scales | NA |
[36] | To investigate whether Libyan primary and secondary schoolteachers experience depression, anxiety and stress manifestation throughout job programmers | Anxiety and depression | Cross sectional | Tripoli city | 200 primary and secondary school teachers, (both), 22–65 | Arabic version of DASS-21 | Prevalence: depression: 44.5% (89/200), anxiety 56% (112/200) and stress: 39.5% (79/200) The key risk factors identified: career as teacher (DAS), low teaching experience (DAS), smoking (anxiety), high workload demand (DAS) |
[35] | To examine the effects of psychoeducation and stress management techniques on PTSD symptoms in Libya | Anxiety (PTSD) | Cross sectional | Tripoli city | 41 volunteers, (both), 19–51 | PTSD Checklist (PCL) which correspond to the DSM-5 criteria B, C, and D, respectively (A cut off point of 35 to 50 is PTSD diagnosis) Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) developed by Endler and Parker (1990) | Prevalence: 15% met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD |