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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied groups

From: Gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease patients: hospital-based study

 

Parkinson’s patients (n = 46)

Control (n = 31)

P-value

Age (mean ± SD years)

62.8 ± 4.7

61.1 ± 3.1

0.07

Range

50–70

55–65

Sex: (number)

 

 Male/female

33/13

23/8

0.57

Age of onset (mean ± SD years)

60 ± 3.7

  

Range

50–70

Duration of illness (mean ± SD months)

35.5 ± 23.9

  

UPDRS (mean ± SD)

47.3 ± 32

  

Self-assessment (mean ± SD)

11.3 ± 6.3

  

Non-motor scale of GIT (mean ± SD)

13.6 ± 9.5

  

Number of cigarettes per day (mean ± SD)

4.1 ± 8.2

5.2 ± 9.7

0.65

Duration of smoking in years (mean ± SD)

3 ± 6.3

2.1 ± 3.3

0.43

Predominant type: Number (%)

 

 Tremor dominant type

16 (34.8%)

 

 Akinetic-rigid type

16 (34.8%)

 

 Mixed type

14 (30.4%)

 

Hoehn and Yahr staging number (%)

 

 Stage 1

20 (43.5%)

  

 Stage 2

16 (34.8%)

 

 Stage 3

6 (13%)

 

 Stage 4

4 (8.7%)

 

Residency (rural)

26 (56.5%)

16 (51%)

0.32

Residency (urban)

20 (43.5%)

15 (49%)

Source of water (private water system)

44 (95.7%)

31 (100%)

0.16

Source of water (private and mineral water)

2 (4.3%)

0

Drinking water (1–2 L/days)

21 (45.7%)

12 (38.7%)

0.16

Drinking water (> 2–3 L/days)

20 (43.5%)

10 (32.3%)

Drinking water (> 3–4 L/days)

5 (10.9%)

9 (29%)

Smoking (cigarette, tobacco, shisha)

25 (54.3%)

17 (54.8%)

0.89

Pesticide (no) number (%)

35 (76.1%)

18 (51%)

0.57

Pesticide (yes) number (%)

11 (23.8%)

15 (49%)

 Pesticide (rare)

3 (6.5%)

5 (16.2%)

 

 Pesticide (occasional)

6 (13%)

6 (19.8%)

 Pesticide (often)

2 (4.3%)

4 (13%)

Family history of PD or dementia (no)

33 (71.7%)

23 (74%)

0.53

Family history of PD or dementia (yes)

13 (28.3%)

8 (26%)

  1. PD Parkinson’s disease