From: Gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease patients: hospital-based study
Parkinson’s patients (n = 46) | Control (n = 31) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD years) | 62.8 ± 4.7 | 61.1 ± 3.1 | 0.07 |
Range | 50–70 | 55–65 | |
Sex: (number) | |||
Male/female | 33/13 | 23/8 | 0.57 |
Age of onset (mean ± SD years) | 60 ± 3.7 | ||
Range | 50–70 | ||
Duration of illness (mean ± SD months) | 35.5 ± 23.9 | ||
UPDRS (mean ± SD) | 47.3 ± 32 | ||
Self-assessment (mean ± SD) | 11.3 ± 6.3 | ||
Non-motor scale of GIT (mean ± SD) | 13.6 ± 9.5 | ||
Number of cigarettes per day (mean ± SD) | 4.1 ± 8.2 | 5.2 ± 9.7 | 0.65 |
Duration of smoking in years (mean ± SD) | 3 ± 6.3 | 2.1 ± 3.3 | 0.43 |
Predominant type: Number (%) | |||
Tremor dominant type | 16 (34.8%) | ||
Akinetic-rigid type | 16 (34.8%) | ||
Mixed type | 14 (30.4%) | ||
Hoehn and Yahr staging number (%) | |||
Stage 1 | 20 (43.5%) | ||
Stage 2 | 16 (34.8%) | ||
Stage 3 | 6 (13%) | ||
Stage 4 | 4 (8.7%) | ||
Residency (rural) | 26 (56.5%) | 16 (51%) | 0.32 |
Residency (urban) | 20 (43.5%) | 15 (49%) | |
Source of water (private water system) | 44 (95.7%) | 31 (100%) | 0.16 |
Source of water (private and mineral water) | 2 (4.3%) | 0 | |
Drinking water (1–2 L/days) | 21 (45.7%) | 12 (38.7%) | 0.16 |
Drinking water (> 2–3 L/days) | 20 (43.5%) | 10 (32.3%) | |
Drinking water (> 3–4 L/days) | 5 (10.9%) | 9 (29%) | |
Smoking (cigarette, tobacco, shisha) | 25 (54.3%) | 17 (54.8%) | 0.89 |
Pesticide (no) number (%) | 35 (76.1%) | 18 (51%) | 0.57 |
Pesticide (yes) number (%) | 11 (23.8%) | 15 (49%) | |
Pesticide (rare) | 3 (6.5%) | 5 (16.2%) | |
Pesticide (occasional) | 6 (13%) | 6 (19.8%) | |
Pesticide (often) | 2 (4.3%) | 4 (13%) | |
Family history of PD or dementia (no) | 33 (71.7%) | 23 (74%) | 0.53 |
Family history of PD or dementia (yes) | 13 (28.3%) | 8 (26%) |