Depression among health workers caring for patients with COVID-19 in Egypt

Table 1 Comparison between those who are normal, mild and moderate depression and those with severe and extremely severe depression according to DASS-21 depression score

Variable	Normal mild and moderate (N = 95)	Severe and extremely severe (N = 175)	Test
Age
Mean ± SD	36.41 ± 6.59	34.20 ± 5.97
Range	24–50	18–52	2.80	0.005*
Working hours
Mean ± SD	8.73 ± 2.97	9.63 ± 3.15		0.78
Range	4–14	4–14	0.28	NS
Sleep hours
Mean ± SD	6.78 ± 0.95	5.54 ± 1.69
Range	6–10	3–10	6.60	< 0.001**

Variable	N	N	%	N	%	χ²	P
Sex
Female	154	44	28.6	110	71.4	6.88	0.009*
Male	116	51	44	65	56	6.88	0.009*
Education
Intermediate education	25	9	36	16	64	0.67	0.72
High education	50	20	40	30	60		NS
Postgraduate	195	66	33.8	129	66.2		NS
Occupation
Doctors	191	71	37.2	120	62.8	0.26	0.60
Nurses	44	18	40.9	26	59.1
Pharmacists	19	11	57.9	8	42.1
Technicians	12	3	25	9	75		NS
Paramedical workers	4	0	0	4	100		NS
Marital status
Single	39	16	41	23	59	0.19	0.60
Married	215	81	37.6	134	62.4		0.60
Divorced	15	6	40	9	60		NS
Widow	1	0	0	1	100		NS
Residence
Urban	209	71	34	138	66	0.60	0.44 NS
Rural	61	24	39.3	37	60.7	0.60	0.44 NS
Smoking
No	228	85	37.3	143	62.7	2.82	0.09
Yes	42	10	23.8	32	76.2	2.82	NS
Past history of psychiatric disorders
No	244	93	38.1	151	61.9	9.54	0.002**
Yes	26	2	7.7	24	92.3	9.54	0.002**
Family history of psychiatric disorders
No	236	84	35.6	152	64.4	0.14	0.71
Yes	34	11	32.4	23	67.6	0.14	NS
Fear of working during COVID-19
No	72	33	45.8	39	54.2	4.88	0.02*
Yes	198	62	31.3	136	68.7	4.88	0.02*
Fear of infection of COVID-19
No	52	25	48.1	27	51.9	4.69	0.03*
Yes	218	70	32.1	148	67.9	4.69	0.03*
Fear of transmission of infection to relatives
No	10	6	60	4	40	8.05	0.004
Yes	260	56	21.6	204	78.4	8.05	0.004
Had infected with COVID-19
No	253	93	36.7	160	63.3	0.13	0.71
Yes	17	7	41.2	10	58.8	0.13	NS
Had family member infected with COVID-19
No	216	100	46.2	116	53.8	0.13	0.71
Yes	54	24	18.5	30	81.5	0.13	NS
Fear of death with COVID-19
No	96	42	43.8	54	56.2	4.79	0.03*
Yes	174	53	30.5	121	69.5	4.79	0.03*
Fear of family member death with COVID-19
No	19	12	63.2	7	36.8	7.70	0.005
Yes	251	80	35.1	171	64.9	7.70	0.005
Suicidal thoughts
No	264	98	37.1	166	62.9	3.50	0.06
No	264	98	37.1	166	62.9		NS
Yes	6	0	0	6	100		NS