Table 3 The characteristics of included systematic reviews regarding the olfactory and oral dysfunction of COVID-19 infection
From: Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection: an umbrella review
Authors | Origin | Type | Quality | Number of included studies | Types of included studies | Assessing the quality of included studies | Searched databases | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Borsetto et al. 2020 [46] | Critically Low | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | UK | 18 | Not mentioned | None | Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, MedRxiv | The alteration of the sense of smell or taste was estimated 31% in severe and 67% in mild-to-moderate symptomatic patients |
2. da Costa et al. 2020 [61] | Moderate | Systematic Review | Brazil | 6 | Cohort, cross sectional, case–control | NOS1 | Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, LILACS2, Science direct | OGD3 occurs at varying intensities and prior to the general symptoms of COVID-19 |
3. Samaranayake et al. 2020 [62] | Moderate | Systematic Review | United Arab Emirates | 8 | Cohort, cross sectional, case–control | Nine-item checklist for prevalence study | Pubmed, Web of Science, EBSCO | Anosmia and dysgeusia symptoms were present in both ambulatory and hospitalized patients and mild-to-severe cases of COVID-19 |
4. Lechner et al. 2020 [45] | Critically Low | Systematic Review | UK | 31 | Case series, case reports, cross sectional | None | Pubmed | OGD is indicative of COVID-19 infection and should be implicated in evaluation of healthcare workers |
5. Rocke et al. 2020 [47] | Moderate | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | UK | 12 | Case series, cross sectional, case–control | ROBINS‐E | Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, HMIC, MedRxiv | There is a significant evidence demonstrating an association between olfactory dysfunction and COVID‐19 |
6. Zahra et al. 2020 [57] | Moderate | Systematic Review | UK | 23 | Cohort, case series, cross sectional, case–control | NOS | Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Medline | Symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia were frequently reported by COVID-19-positive patients; more commonly in females and in younger patients |
7. Fuccillo et al. 2020 [58] | Moderate | Systematic Review | Italy | 32 | Cohort, case series, cross sectional | NHLBI4 Assessment Tools, Oxford CEBM5 guide | Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science | Olfactory disorders represent an important clinical characteristic of COVID-19 |
8. Hoang et al. 2020 [48] | Moderate | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | Thailand | 14 | Case series, cross sectional, case–control | Modified NOS | Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Medline OVID | OGD and COVID-19 are associated |
9. Tong et al. 2020 [49] | Moderate | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | USA | 10 | Cohort, case series, cross sectional, case–control | The quality assessment checklist for prevalence studies adapted from Hoy et al. | Pubmed, Scopus | OGS are common symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and may be manifested as an early symptoms in the clinical course of the COVID-19 infection |
10. Passarelli et al. 2020 [59] | Critically Low | Systematic Review | Italy | 5 | Not mentioned | None | Pubmed | Anosmia and ageusia are a significant sign and can be considered as the first manifestation of the infection |
11. Agyeman et al. 2020 [50] | Moderate | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | Australia | 24 | Not mentioned | Murad tool | Pubmed, Embase, Medline, MedRxiv | High prevalence of OGD among patients infected with COVID-19 are reported across the literature |
12. Pang et al. 2020 [51] | Moderate | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | Singapore | 19 | Cohort, case series, cross sectional, case–control | The risk of bias tool for prevalence studies by Hoy et al. | Pubmed | Patient-reported olfactory dysfunction is a highly specific manifestation of COVID-19 |
13. Hajikhani et al. 2020 [52] | Moderate | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | Iran | 15 | Not mentioned | JBI6 tool | Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science | OGD in patients with confirmed COVID-19 have a high prevalence |
14. Sedaghat et al. 2020 [60] | Critically Low | Systematic Review | USA | 6 | Not mentioned | None | Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science | OGD is highly common in the course of COVID-19 infection and patients may experience sudden-onset of smell alteration as the first symptom |
15. Chi et al. 2020 [53] | Low | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | China | 12 | Not mentioned | None | Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan database, Art Image Indexing Service on the Internet Database (Chinese database) | OGD is associated with COVID-19 infection and in some patients is the first symptom of the infection |
16. Giorli et al. 2020 [54] | Critically Low | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | Italy | 11 | Cohort, cross sectional, case–control | None | Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science | New onset olfactory dysfunction is associated with COVID-19, anosmia is more frequent in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients than in hospitalized ones |
17. Ibekwe et al. 2020 [55] | Moderate | Systematic Review + Meta-analysis | Nigeria | 32 | Cohort, cross sectional, case–control | JBI tool | Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science | The prevalence of smell and taste loss among COVID-19 patients was high globally |
18. Chung et al. 2020 [56] | Critically Low | Cohort + Systematic Review | China | 23 | Cohort, experimental, case series, case reports | None | Pubmed | COVID-19-related smell disturbance can be severe and prolonged and may be the only symptom |
19. Printza et al. 2020 [63] | Critically Low | Systematic Review | Greece | 24 | Cohort, case series, cross sectional, case–control | None | Pubmed, Cochrane library, MedRxiv | Anosmia is more prevalent in COVID-19 patients than in patients suffering from other respiratory infections or controls |