The potential value of capsaicin in modulating cognitive functions in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s disease

Table 3 Comparison between the three studied groups according to given time, time spent in target quadrant, total distance swum, distance in target quadrant, and escape trials (water maze test)

Water maze test	Group I	Group II	Group III	F	p
Given time (seconds)
Min.–max.	60.0–60.0	60.0–60.0	60.0–60.0	–	–
Mean ± SD	60.0 ± 0.0	60.0 ± 0.0	60.0 ± 0.0	–	–
Time spent in target quadrant (%)
Min.–max.	50.0–71.7	31.7–46.7	53.3–80.0	22.166^*	< 0.001^*
Mean ± SD	59.2 ± 6.7	39.3^a ± 5.6	66.7 ^ab ± 8.9	22.166^*	< 0.001^*
Total distance swum (cm)
Min.–max.	75.0–77.5	79.0–79.8	73.0–77.0	74.652^*	< 0.001^*
Mean ± SD	76.2 ± 0.9	79.4^a ± 0.3	74.9^ab ± 1.1	74.652^*	< 0.001^*
Distance swum in target quadrant (%)
Min.–max.	34.2–44.5	20.7–31.4	45.0–53.7	98.371^*	< 0.001^*
Mean ± SD	37.8 ± 4.3	23.9^a ± 3.5	47.8^ab ± 2.5	98.371^*	< 0.001^*
Escape trials
Min.–max.	0.0–3.0	4.0–10.0	1.0–4.0	18.551^*	< 0.001^*
Mean ± SD	1.8 ± 1.3	6.0^a ± 2.0	2.5^b ± 0.8	18.551^*	< 0.001^*

Group I negative controls; Group II STZ-induced AD, capsaicin untreated group (positive controls); Group III STZ-induced AD+ capsaicin treatment group. Normally quantitative data was expressed in mean ± SD and was compared using F test (ANOVA). F, p: F and p values for ANOVA test. Sig. between groups was done using post hoc test (LSD)
*Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05
^aSignificantly different from the negative controls (group I)
^bSignificantly different from the positive controls (STZ-induced AD, capsaicin untreated) (group II)